Download PSY100 Term Test 2: 2007-2008 1) The two identity statuses that

PSY100 Term Test 2: 2007-2008
1) The two identity statuses that decrease with age are
A. identity diffusion and identify moratorium
B. identity diffusion and identify foreclosure
C. identity moratorium and identify foreclosure
D. identity moratorium and identify achievement
2) Nicolas has autistic disorder and he was mute. A therapist working with Nicolas
initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips.
This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying
complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this
example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of
A. classical conditioning
B. modeling
C. shaping
D. negative reinforcement
3) Parental investment theory predicts that, in comparison to women, men show
_____ interest in sexual activity and _____ willingness to engage in uncommitted
sex.
A. less; more
B. more; less
C. less; less
D. more; more
4) Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer
into the trunk of her car. She mentally manipulated the position of the box,
trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddely’s model of working
memory, Mia was utilizing
A. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box’s position
B. the rehearsal loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem
C. the executive control system to juggle all of the information she needed to
consider
D. her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to
perform
5) Traditionally, psychologists have been interested in development during ______
but it has become evident that development _________.
A. gestation; does not begin until after birth
B. childhood; continues until late adolescence
C. infancy; is more complex during later childhood
D. childhood; is a lifelong process
6) In explaining an individual’s aggressiveness, Skinner would look for
A. feelings of repressed hostility
B. an inadequate sense of self-worth
C. early learning experiences and reinforcements history
D. instinctual explanations
7) Children’s thought processes are particularly egocentric during which Piagetian
stage?
A. sensorimotor
B. Preoperational
C. concrete operations
D. formal operations
8) Jerry is 8 months old. Based on Erikson’s theory of personality development, the
fundamental question that Jerry is dealing with at this point in his life
A. “Is my world predictable and supportive?”
B. “Can I do things myself, or must I always rely on others?”
C. “Am I good or am I bad?”
D. “Am I competent or am I worthless?”
9) Thierry and Renee each want to train their dogs. Thierry wants his dog to feel
relaxed when the doorbell rings. Renee wants her dog to bark only when she
gives the command to do so. Thierry should use _____ and Renee should use
______.
A. classical conditioning; classical conditioning
B. operant conditioning operant conditioning
C. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
D. operant conditioning classical conditioning
10) Researchers working with the habituation-dishabituation paradigm have
discovered that at 3 to 4 months of age infants understand that objects are
distinct entities with boundaries. This would suggest that
A. children master the concept of conservation earlier than Piaget suggested
B. an understand of object permanence may emerge earlier than Piaget
suggested
C. children may have an innate ability to solve simple mathematical problems
D. the preoperational period of cognitive development starts earlier than Piaget
suggested
11) Low levels of ___ have been associated with a lowered male sex drive.
A. catecholamines
B. pheromones
C. estrogen
D. testosterone
12) Being sociable, assertive, active and lively is associated with the higher-order
trait of ___ according to Eysenck.
A. extraversion
B. self-monitoring
C. sensation-seeking
D. intraception
13) In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and
later shift to using their legs. This motor development sequence is an example of
A. the cephalocaudal trend
B. the proximodistal trend
C. the cephalopedal trend
D. encephalitis
14) Based on the interaction between glucose levels and insulin levels in the body,
you should expect that laboratory rats with artificially reduced levels of insulin
will
A. tend to overeat and gain weight
B. stop eating, but still gain weight
C. stop eating and lose weight
D. show an increase in activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus
15) Brock was describing the inside of his doctor’s office to one of his friends. In his
description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though
this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall. Brock’s error in
recall illustrates
A. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory
B. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory
C. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory
D. the role of schemas in long-term memory
16) Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between
the experience of different emotions on the basis of
A. the type of behaviour involved
B. the type of bodily pattern involved
C. our interpretation of the situation
D. the emotional expression of others
17) Mnemonic devices
A. can only be used to remember concrete words
B. have existed since ancient times
C. are generally ineffective and are unnecessary in modern times
D. are the main element for improving everyday memory
18) The correlation between physical attractiveness and happiness is
A. negative
B. moderately positive
C. strongly positive
D. negligible
19) Royce is telling a story about a character on a TAT card. In his story, Royce
focuses on the character’s anxiety as she prepares a speech that will be
presented in front of her classmates. He indicates that the character has spent a
great deal of time worrying whether the speech may alienate some of her
friends. Royce’s response to this TAT card suggests that he most likely has
A. a low need for achievement
B. a high need for affiliation
C. a high need for achievement
D. a low need for affiliation
20) Loftus’ work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that
A. memory errors come mostly from erroneous original encoding
B. most memory errors are constructive
C. information given after an event can alter a person’s memory of the event
D. most memory errors are simply omissions of details of the event
21) Six-year-old Sidney thought all dogs were big, like his dog, until he saw his
friend’s new Chihuahua. The change in Barry’s understanding of dogs illustrates
the process that Piaget referred to as
A. assimilation
B. object permanence
C. reversibility
D. accommodation
22) With computer-based study guides, students typically receive immediate
reinforcement for correct responses. With noncomputer-based study guides, the
reinforcement for correct responses may be delayed for some time. Based on
what is known about operant conditioning, you should predict that learning
A. with both types of study guide should proceed at the same rate
B. will proceed more quickly with computer-based study guides
C. will be more resistant to extinction when a noncomputer-based study guide
is used
D. will proceed more slowly with computer-based study guides
23) In an emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all
have different personalities and experiences. This quality of personality is called
A. consistency
B. differentiation
C. constancy
D. distinctiveness
24) In the Featured Study, Baldwin and his colleagues attempted to alter the selfconcept of participants by
A. presenting subliminal stimuli that made the participants angry
B. forcing them to fail, leading them to believe that their self-worth had been
reduced
C. presenting subliminal stimuli that represented the attitude of significant
other
D. showing them images of people in their lives who think poorly of them
25) The encoding specificity principle states that
A. forgetting is due only to the passage of time
B. forgetting is usually due to interference from competing memories
C. retrieval failure is often due to mismatch between the available retrieval
cues and the memory code
D. forgetting involves purposeful suppression of memories
26) The onset of puberty
A. begins approximately two years earlier on the average in boys than in girls
B. begins approximately two years earlier on the average in girls that in boys
C. begins approximately four years earlier on the average in girls that in boys
D. is about the same time for boys and girls
27) The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is
called
A. attachment
B. dependency
C. imprinting
D. identification
28) Conditioning is a specific type of learning that involves
A. changing your response to stimuli as you age
B. repeated presentations of noxious stimuli
C. learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s
environment
D. only laboratory experiments, rather than real-world applications.
29) Frances is daydreaming during her botany class, and has not been listening to
the lecture at all. She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her
name, and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked.
Incidents of this type lend support to
A. a retroactive model of attention
B. a late-selection model of attention
C. an early-selection model of attention
D. an acoustic-blocking model of attention
30) A relearning measure requires subjects to
A. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort
is saved
B. select previously learned information from an array of options
C. reproduce information on their own without any cues
D. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar
31) Which of the following researchers is credited for first describing the notion of
sensation seeking?
A. Han Eysenck
B. Carl Rogers
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Marvin Zuckerman
32) Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band
started playing “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You” his girlfriend gave him a long
passionate kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every
time he hears “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You” on the radio, he becomes
midly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is
A. a conditioned stimulus
B. an unconditioned response
C. a conditioned response
D. an unconditioned stimulus
33) Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if
they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while
they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the
conditioned response would be
A. the immunosuppression
B. the taste of the liquid that is used
C. the injection of the drug
D. fear of the injection process
34) In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, the neuritic plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles are largely centered in the left
A. left hemisphere of the cortex
B. the brain stem
C. hippocampal region
D. the thalamus and hypothalamus
35) Beatrix is planning a research study for her doctoral dissertation. As part of the
study she wants to measure normal aspects of personality in each of the
participants, using a measure that is objective and precise. The best measure for
Beatrix to use would be the
A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B. NEO Personality Inventory
C. Rorschach test
D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
36) Malia is studying French. When her teacher writes the French word for rabbit on
her board (lapin), Brooke thinks of a soft bunny sitting “in a lap.” On the exam,
when she sees the word “lapin,” Malia instantly recalls the visual image and
recognizes that “lapin” is the French word for rabbit. This memory strategy is an
example of the mnemonic device known as
A. the method of loci
B. the keyword method
C. overlearning
D. acrostics
37) The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that
A. other people can identify your emotional state by observing your facial
expressions
B. a facial expression is simply an external sign of the internal feelings
C. you can affect how you feel by making a certain facial expression
D. the internal state causes the facial expression
38) Abdul is 14 years old and has just begun puberty. According to Freud’s stages of
psychosexual Abdul is just entering the
A. latency stage
B. phallic stage
C. superego stage
D. genital stage
39) Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to
“stomp around” and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Scott’s
behaviour exemplifies which of the following?
A. a fixation
B. projection
C. regression
D. rationalization
40) Parents in Asian cultures are MOST likely to teach their children to
A. be self-reliant
B. rely on family and friends
C. feel good about themselves
D. view themselves as special individuals
41) According to Albert Bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily
influence the probability of an individual
A. initially acquiring or learning a new behaviour
B. actually performing a behaviour that has been learned
C. initially attending to the behaviour of another person
D. accurately retaining information about a behaviour
42) When Jackie watches slasher movies, she covers her eyes when the blood starts
to splatter. When Clarice watches slasher movies, she covers her eyes as soon as
she hear ominous music start to play. Jackie’s response is consistent with ______,
while Clarice’s response is consistent with _______.
A. escape responding; avoidance responding
B. avoidance responding; escape responding
C. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
D. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
43) Self-referent encoding involves
A. the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
B. making the material to be remembered personally meaningful
C. forming two kinds of memory codes for each word
D. linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
44) Alan creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps
and people drinking in a bar. If people develop negative feelings about drinking
as a result of watching Alan’s ad, those negative feelings would represent
A. an unconditioned response
B. positive reinforcement
C. negative reinforcement
D. a conditioned response
45) The fact that we tend to behave differently in different situations has led Walter
Mischel to contend behaviour tends to be
A. situationally specific
B. situationally consistent
C. reliable
D. situationally similar
46) Jorge listens attentively to the Premier’s speech and translates the information
from the speech into new memories. The main memory process that accounts
for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is
encountered for the first time is
A. encoding
B. storage
C. retrieval
D. priming
47) The studies of Garcia and his colleagues demonstrate that rats very easily learn
to associate a taste CS with
A. a shock UCS
B. a visual UCS
C. an auditory UCS
D. a nausea-inducing UCS
48) Noor is an individual who has a high need for achievement. She is trying to
decide which one of four possible courses she should take as her final elective
course for her degree. One of the courses is supposed to be an easy course, with
an “A” practically guaranteed for very little effort one of course is supposed to
be moderately difficult, but with an “A” is possible; one course is supposed to be
a “killer” course with little chance of earning a grade higher than a “B”; the
fourth course if a seminar-style course with no grades assigned. You should
expect that Noor will choose
A. the course that has no assigned grades
B. the moderately difficult course that requires effort for a high grade
C. the easy course which practically guarantees a high grade
D. the “killer” course to maximize her level of task difficulty
49) Declarative memory appears to be handled by the
A. cerebellum and the areas of the cortex with which it communicates
B. medulla and the structures within the midbrain
C. limbic system and the connections it makes with the prefrontal cortex
D. hippocampal complex and the areas of the cortex with which it
communicates
50) Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favours
behaviours that maximize an individual’s
A. self-actualization
B. acquisition of territory
C. reproductive success
D. material wealth
51) Irene is listening to a romance novel while she is on her daily walk. Although she
is not walking especially fast, she finds that as she listens to one of the love
scenes in the novel her respiration rate and heart rate increase. She is also
experiencing vaginal moistness. Based on the phases described by Masters and
Johnson, Irene is in the
A. plateau phase
B. orgasmic phase
C. resolution phase
D. excitement phase
52) Cody developed a severe fear of flying when he was piloting a small plane
through some severe turbulence. He has been seeing a therapist, and it appears
that his fear response has been successfully extinguished. The therapist used a
flight simulator to help Cody practice his piloting skills in a safe setting. However,
the first time Cody stepped back into a real plane, his fear returned. This
example illustrates the phenomenon known as
A. the renewal effect
B. second-order conditioning
C. negative reinforcement
D. stimulus generalization
53) In settling-point theory, it is proposed that weight will remain stable as long as
A. there are no durable changes in any of the factors that influence it
B. the individual is healthy
C. the individual gradually increases food intake across the lifespan
D. the individual gradually decreases food intake across the lifespan
54) Homeostasis is a state of
A. physiological stability
B. physiological instability
C. psychological stability
D. psychological instability
55) Evidence from studies of which of the following MOST clearly supports the idea
that memory traces consist of specific neural circuits?
A. long-term potentiation
B. retrograde amnesia
C. electrical stimulation of the brain
D. the transfer of RNA from one animal to another
56) The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through
birth, is referred to as the
A. postgerminal stage
B. embryonic stage
C. fetal stage
D. postnatal stage
57) Jalen is currently thinking about all the things she has to do before she goes to
her first class. She is mentally making lists of all these things so she will
remember to do them on her way to school. According to Freud, these thoughts
are contained in Jalen’s
A. preconscious mind
B. unconscious mind
C. conscious mind
D. subconscious mind
58) Given the same frequency of reinforcement, ____ schedules generate higher
rates of responding than do _____ schedules.
A. interval; ratio
B. fixed; variable
C. ratio; interval
D. variable; fixed
59) Which of the following is NOT one of the key processes that researchers believe
to be involved in gender-role socialization?
A. observational learning
B. self-socialization
C. operant conditioning
D. classical conditioning
60) According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____
tend to by sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. conscientiousness
D. agreeableness
PSY100 Term Test 2: 2008-2009
1) In regard to the recovered memory controversy, psychologists who rely on
research on the misinformation effect, reality-monitoring, and imagination
inflation are most likely to
A. have no opinion on the accuracy of recovered memories
B. doubt the accuracy of recovered memories
C. believe the accuracy of recovered memories
D. be equally likely to doubt or believe the accuracy of recovered memories
2) Mothers who are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants are
more likely to have infants who exhibit ____ attachments.
A. especially strong
B. Secure
C. anxious-ambivalent or avoidant
D. Separation
3) Most prenatal dangers to the developing fetus are:
A. Related to exposure to toxins
B. Related to maternal nutrition
C. Preventable if pregnant women receive adequate health care
D. Only a problem in third-world countries
4) A person who tends to be selfish, demanding and disregards the rights of other
people would appear to have a stronger _____ than ______.
A. ego; superego
B. unconscious; conscious
C. superego; id
D. id; superego
5) The belief a person has about his ability to perform behaviours that should lead
to expected outcomes is termed
A. self-appraisal
B. self-esteem
C. self-efficacy
D. self-concept
6) While the ____ theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes the
cognitive experience of emotion, the ____ proposes that physiological arousal
and the cognitive experience of emotion occur simultaneously.
A. Cannon-Bard; James-Lange
B. James-Lange; Cannon-Bard
C. Cannon-Bard; Schachter two-factor
D. Schachter two-factor; James-Lange
7) As Estella is watching the climax of a horror movie, all at once she is frightened,
nervous, and excited. Her response reflects the ___ component of emotion.
A. Behavioural
B. Cognitive
C. Perceptual
D. Physiological
8) The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items.
A. 4
B. 7
C. 10
D. 12
9) Which personality test was originally designed to aid in the diagnosis of
psychological disorders?
A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
C. The Sixteen Personality (16PF) Questionnaire
D. NEO Personality Inventory
10) Which of the following is not one of the text’s guidelines for making punishment
more effective?
A. explain the punishment
B. use noncorporal punishments, such as withdrawal of privileges
C. use a punishment that is somewhat more severe than necessary
D. apply the punishment swiftly
11) Which of the following would be contained in an individual’s episodic memory?
A. Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory in 1879
B. her sixth birthday party was at a circus
C. how to parallel park a car
D. her next-door neighbour’s last name is Jackson
12) An unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning is
A. an unconditioned response
B. a conditioned response
C. a conditioned stimulus
D. an unconditioned stimulus
13) The personal unconscious are associated with
A. Alder’s theory
B. Maslow’s theory
C. Freud’s theory
D. Jung’s theory
14) One current view of memory storage systems suggests that ____ should be
considered a continually changing portion of ____.
A. sensory memory; short-term memory
B. short-term memory; sensory memory
C. short-term memory; long-term memory
D. long-term memory; short term memory
15) Systematic problem-solving efforts are associated with individuals in the __
stage of cognitive development.
A. formal operational
B. concrete operational
C. Preoperational
D. Sensorimotor
16) After consuming food, neural signals from the stomach transmit information to
the brain concerning
A. fullness (or the stretching of the stomach wall)
B. satiety (or how rich in nutrients the contents of the stomach are)
C. neither fullness or satiety
D. both fullness and satiety
17) Research in behavioural genetics has shown that identical twins
A. have personalities that are more strongly influenced by environmental
factors that is the case for other pairs of siblings
B. are not as similar in personality as was commonly assumed
C. are no more similar in personality traits than fraternal twins
D. reared apart, often exhibit similar personality traits
18) The corrects order of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development is
A. anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
B. anal, oral phallic, genital, latency
C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D. oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
19) The cell mass that develops form fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall
during the ___ stage of prenatal development.
A. Fertilization
B. Fetal
C. Embryonic
D. Germinal
20) According to Erikson’s theory, individuals are faced with the psychosocial crisis
of identity versus confusion during
A. elementary-school age
B. Adolescence
C. Early adulthood
D. Middle adulthood
21) Sensation-seeking is a personality trait that has a strong ___ basis.
A. Learned
B. Biological
C. Psychodynamic
D. Archetypical
22) When an organism that has learned a conditioned response also response with
the same response to a new stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus,
it is referred to as
A. Extinction
B. Spontaneous recovery
C. Stimulus generalization
D. Stimulus discrimination
23) The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is encoding.
A. Structural
B. Semantic
C. Verbal
D. Phonemic
24) At preschool, Courtney has learned that she must wash her hands before snacktime in order to get a snack. At home, however, her parents do not check to
make sure she washes her hands. When she is home, Courtney does not wash
her hands before eating. Courtney’s behaviour illustrates the process of
A. response generalization
B. response discrimination
C. stimulus generalization
D. stimulus discrimination
25) While new responses are more easily established with ____ reinforcement,
responses maintained with ___ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.
A. continuous; intermittent
B. intermittent; continuous
C. primary; secondary
D. secondary; primary
26) Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seatbelts through the
use of reinforcement. As you know, if you start your car without buckling-up you
will hear a somewhat annoying sound. If you learn to buckle-up after hearing the
sound, you show ___. If you acquire the response of buckling-up before you turn
on the ignition, you show ____.
A. avoidance learning; escape learning
B. escape learning; avoidance learning
C. punishment; escape learning
D. punishment; avoidance learning
27) All of the following are associated with the physiological component of
emotion except the
A. endocrine system
B. cerebral cortex
C. autonomic nervous system
D. Amygdala
28) The broad category of personality theory that assumes people are largely
conscious and rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious, irrational
needs and conflicts is the
A. behavioural perspective
B. psychodynamic perspective
C. humanistic perspective
D. biological perspective
29) Many parenting books, dog training manuals, and business management
approaches all advocate the use of operant conditioning techniques to
encourage desirable behaviour in children, pets, and employees. The widespread
knowledge of, and application of conditioning techniques, reflects the unifying
theme in psychology that
A. behaviour is determined by multiple causes
B. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
C. heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour
D. our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage
30) During Erikson’s crisis of intimacy versus isolation the key concern involves
developing the capacity to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated
with
A. Adolescence
B. Early adulthood
C. Middle adulthood
D. Late adulthood
31) During Erikson’s crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to
function well in the broader social structure of the neighbourhood and school.
As a result, the child should gain a sense of competence. This sage occurs from
A. birth – 1 year of age
B. 1-3 years of age
C. 3-6 years of age
D. 6 years of age through puberty
32) Psychologists who support ___ theories suggest that certain basic cognitive
abilities are biologically built into, or prewired into, the neural make-up of
humans.
A. nativist and behavioural
B. nativist and evolutionary
C. humanistic and evolutionary
D. behavioural and humanistic
33) A woman is more likely to be raped by:
A. A stranger than by a casual date
B. A stranger than by a steady boyfriend
C. An acquaintance than by a stranger
D. A family member than by a casual date
34) Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which
A. an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are
called models
B. a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally
evoked by another stimulus
C. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
D. an organism’s tendency to give a response reappears after a period of time
35) After viewing a picture of a boy batting in a baseball game, an individual low in
achievement motivation would be least likely to make up a story in which the
boy
A. is hit in the head by a pitch and suffers a concussion
B. is playing on a summer league team with his best friends from his school
C. is excited because his visiting grandparents are at the game
D. hits a home-run to win the game
36) A young man who prefers and seeks emotional and sexual relationships with
men has a ______ orientation.
A. Unisexual
B. Bisexual
C. Homosexual
D. Heterosexual
37) While _____ theories of motivation emphasize internal factors, ____ theories
emphasize external factors.
A. drive; incentive
B. incentive; drive
C. biological; drive
D. incentive; environmental
38) Most students find recognition tests easier than recall tests because ____ tests
provide ____.
A. recall; relearning cues
B. recall; retrieval cues
C. recognition; relearning cues
D. recognition; retrieval cues
39) The consolidation view suggest that after the consolidation of a long-term
memory, the memory is stored in a region of the
A. Hypothalamus
B. Hippocampus
C. Cerebellum
D. Cerebral cortex
40) When an individual’s memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of
inaccurate or misleading information, it is referred to as the
A. reconstruction effect
B. postcontext effect
C. source-monitoring effect
D. misinformation effect
Short Answer Questions
1. Identify and give an example of the 3 components of emotions. [3 marks]
2. According to Piaget, define “conservation” and state the stage of cognitive
development where children learn this ability. [2 marks]
3. Describe how Evolutionary Psychologists explain differing patterns of sexual
attraction between males and females. [4 marks]
4. Explain what teratotgens are and provide an example of a teratogen and its’
consequences. [3 marks]
5. Explain each of the following methods of improving encoding: Elaboration, Self
Referential encoding, and Visual Imagery. [3 marks]
6. According to Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy, what are the two fundamental
goals of all human beings who are acting rationally? [2 marks]
7. Identify and describe Freud’s three structures of personality. [3 marks]
8. According to Rogers’ Person-Centered approach to personality, identify and
describe the three types of “selves” that humans possess. [3 marks]
9. What are the limits of capacity and duration for the Short Term memory store
believed to be? [2 marks]
PSY100 Term Test #2: 2009-2010
1)
According to conditioning models of drug tolerance, why do drug users start using larger and larger doses over
time?
A.
The CR compensates for the effect of the drug, resulting in a smaller high than usual with the same dose.
C.
The drug effect is a UCR that is very rewarding, so more is used over time.
B.
D.
2)
A.
drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain
C.
drugs that cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
D.
A.
unconditioned response
C.
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
A.
observational learning
C.
operant conditioning
D.
punishment
classical conditioning
Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs has the LEAST risk for developing physical and
psychological dependence?
A.
hallucinogens
C.
sedatives
B.
D.
stimulants
alcohol
Which of the following is NOT one of the problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia?
A.
The original dose of sedative becomes less effective.
C.
Sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in REM sleep.
B.
D.
7)
unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following processes is responsible for conditioned taste aversions?
B.
6)
drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioural activity
what is the sight of the fireworks?
D.
5)
drugs derived from the hemp plant
A child covers her ears when she sees fireworks, before actually hearing the sound of the fireworks. In this example,
B.
4)
The CS becomes ineffective in eliciting the typical high, so a more salient CS must be used.
What are narcotics?
B.
3)
The CS becomes larger and larger over time, so the drug dose must become larger as well.
Sedatives increase the proportion of time spent in both REM and slow-wave sleep.
Sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in slow-wave sleep.
Which of the following pairs will increase the probability that a response will be repeated?
A.
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
C.
negative reinforcement and punishment
B.
D.
positive reinforcement and punishment
reinforcement and punishment
8)
Who developed the law of effect?
A.
Albert Bandura
C.
Edward L. Thorndike
B.
D.
9)
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
What does the proximodistal trend suggests about children gaining control of their bodies?
A.
They control the torso before their extremities.
C.
They control the upper body before their lower body.
B.
D.
They control the extremities before their torso.
They control the lower body before their upper body.
10) Which of the following is NOT assumed by stage theories of development?
A.
Development is marked by major discontinuities.
C.
An individual’s current experiences determine which stage he or she is in.
B.
D.
Individuals must progress through the specified stages in a particular order.
Progress through the stages is strongly related to age.
11) Sometimes the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so
that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison changes. What is this change called?
A.
hedonic shift
C.
hedonic adaptation
B.
D.
happiness shift
happiness adaptation
12) Which emotional theory considers emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli?
A.
evolutionary
C.
behavioural
B.
D.
psychoanalytical
cognitive
13) Imagine a couple asking Albert Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say “please” and
“thank you.” Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest?
A.
Modelling the behaviour of saying “please” and “thank you” will be sufficient for observational learning to
B.
Give the child positive reinforcement for saying “please” and “thank you”
C.
D.
occur.
Use negative reinforcement and withhold the requested item until the child says “please.”
Consistently say “please” and “thank you” in your interactions with others, and reinforce any similar behaviour
by the child.
14) Which of the following is NOT influenced by circadian rhythms?
A.
cognitive performance on tasks requiring alertness and short-term memory
C.
sleep
B.
D.
emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness
physical functions such as body temperature and urine production
15) Which type of prospective memory tasks are generally easier to remember?
A.
procedural tasks
C.
event-based tasks
B.
D.
declarative tasks
time-based tasks
16) What do individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience?
A.
impaired attention
C.
impaired decision making
B.
D.
impaired motor coordination
impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision making
17) What is the term for a negative effect of recreational drugs that results from the drug’s impact on the individual’s
behaviour?
A.
an indirect effect
C.
a lifestyle effect
B.
D.
a direct effect
a codependency effect
18) As a person falls into deeper sleep, his or her pattern of brain wave activity becomes both _________ in frequency and
________ in amplitude.
A.
slower; higher
C.
slower; lower
B.
D.
faster; higher
faster; lower
19) Which of the following statements concerning erotic material is FALSE?
A.
Erotic material increases the likelihood of overt sexual activity for several hours after the exposure.
C.
Erotic material plays a major role in the commission of sexual offences.
B.
D.
Erotic material may alter altitudes in ways that eventually influence sexual behaviour.
Erotic material stimulates sexual desire in many people.
20) What is demonstrated by animals with a surgically destroyed lateral hypothalamus?
A.
excessive thirst and consumption of water
C.
excessive overeating and thus weight gain
B.
D.
little or no interest in eating and thus weight loss
little or no interest in sex
21) If you wanted to teach your pet parakeet to give you a kiss on the cheek, which technique would be the most
effective?
A.
classical conditioning
C.
modeling
B.
D.
higher-order conditioning
shaping
22) Which measure of retention requires individuals to reproduce information on their own without any cues?
A.
recitation
C.
recall
B.
D.
recognition
relearning
23) The observation that when a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern, you perceive a circle of
light and not just a “single point” of light is consistent with the functioning of which type of memory?
A.
visual memory
C.
sensory memory
B.
D.
long-term memory
short-term memory
24) Following a serious car accident in which both Harry and Ron suffer head injuries, they both have amnesia. Harry
cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Ron cannot remember events that occurred after
the accident. Which type of amnesia are they experiencing?
A.
Harry has anterograde amnesia while Ron has retrograde amnesia.
C.
Harry’s amnesia is proactive while Ron’s is retroactive.
B.
D.
Harry has retrograde while Ron has anterograde amnesia.
Harry’s amnesia is retroactive while Ron’s is proactive.
25) What do neo-Piagetian theories emphasize, that is different from Piaget’s original theory of cognitive development?
A.
discrete stages of development that all children progress through in a predictable fashion
C.
the importance of changes in skills like conservation
B.
D.
the role of information-processing concepts
hierarchical classification of children’s language skills
26) Which component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory?
A.
episodic buffer
C.
executive control system
B.
D.
semantic buffer
visuospatial sketchpad
27) Which of the following statements regarding marital satisfaction is FALSE?
A.
The more children couples have, the lower their level of marital satisfaction.
C.
Parents of adolescents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than parents of young children.
B.
D.
Parents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than non-parents.
Mothers of infants exhibit the largest decrease in marital satisfaction.
28) According to Lawrence Kohlberg, a person who believes that Heinz should steal the drug so his wife can live and
cook him dinner is reasoning at which level of moral development?
A.
preconventional
C.
concrete
B.
D.
conventional
postconventional
29) According to Jean Piaget, what does assimilation involve?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from
more skilled partners
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
30) Why do people high in the need for achievement prefer moderately challenging tasks compared to either very easy
or very difficult tasks?
A.
Succeeding on moderate tasks is possible and satisfying.
C.
Succeeding on very easy tasks provides little satisfaction.
B.
D.
Succeeding on moderate tasks is most satisfying.
Succeeding on very difficult tasks is unlikely.
31) Brianne is trying to remember the name of the regular babysitter she had when she was younger. When her dad
reminds her that he called the sitter Sarge because she strictly enforced the rules, Brianne correctly remembers her
name as Marge. In this example what did “Sarge” serve as?
A.
a phonemic cue
C.
a hint
B.
D.
a semantic cue
a retrieval cue
32) During which stage of development are developing structures generally most vulnerable to damage from
environmental factors?
A.
germinal stage
C.
fetal stage
B.
D.
embryonic stage
last two months
33) Which identity status would be experienced by a university student who is exploring different subjects and
potential majors to help decide on a suitable career?
A.
identity achievement
C.
identity foreclosure
B.
D.
identity diffusion
identity moratorium
34) If you wanted a rat in a Skinner Box to respond with both a high and steady rate of responding, you should use
which type of schedule of reinforcement?
A.
fixed ratio
C.
fixed interval
B.
D.
variable ratio
variable interval
35) Research suggests that people experiencing high levels of stress are likely to increase their consumption of which of
the following types of food?
A.
high-protein foods
C.
highly nutritional foods
B.
D.
tasty foods
low-calorie foods
36) If you remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior) by recalling the word
“HOMES” as a cue, what are you using?
A.
acrostic
C.
link method
B.
D.
acronym
method of loci
37) Which of the following statements concerning homosexuality is FALSE?
A.
Most homosexuals can trace their homosexual orientation back to early childhood.
C.
Extremely feminine behaviour in young boys is common, regardless of orientation.
B.
D.
Circulating hormone levels are not linked to sexual orientation.
There appears to be a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.
38) Which of the following is true regarding the likelihood of hypnotic susceptibility in a population?
A.
It is common among women but not among men.
C.
It is uniformly distributed across the population.
B.
D.
It is bimodally distributed, with most of the population falling at one of the extreme ends of the scale.
It is normally distributed across the population, with roughly 10% of individuals at each of the extreme ends of
the scale.
39) Which of the following is reflected in Sigmund Freud’s concept of repression?
A.
retrieval failure
C.
interference
B.
D.
ineffective encoding
decay
40) Which of the following is a device that monitors key indicators of automatic arousal such as a hear rate, blood
pressure, respiration rate, and galvanic skin response?
A.
an electroencephalography (EEG)
C.
a polygraph
B.
D.
an electrocardiography (EKG)
a sonograph
PSY100 Summer 2009 – Term Test 2
1. Researchers used classical conditioning to develop a taste aversion in cats. They
allowed the animals to eat fish that had been laced with carboachol, which
caused the animals to become ill. Later, the cats showed an aversion to fish. In
this example, the aversion toward fish was
A) an unconditioned stimulus
B) a conditioned response
C) an unconditioned response
D) a conditioned stimulus
2. Milton is hooked up to an EEG in a sleep lab. As the researches watches the EEG
recording, alpha waves appear. Based on this information, the researched can
conclude that Milton
A) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
C) is experiencing REM sleep.
D) Is awake, but relaxed and drowsy.
3. By reporting his employer’s attempts to hide the true extent of the severity of
the side effects of medications produced by his company, Jason lost his job. To
him, the ethical value of protecting members of society from harm was more
important than keeping his job. The reasoning behind Jason’s behaviour is an
example of
A) moralistic thinking.
B) preconventional thought.
C) postconventional thought.
D) conventional thought.
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Elaboration
decreases distinctiveness and thus, reduces the likelihood of retrieval.
Involves the simple repetition of an item to be remembered.
Adds material that increases the likelihood of interference.
Increases the number of cues available to assist retrieval.
5. Typically, inhibitory conditioning produces a response that is ______ to the
response that would be elicited by a conditioned stimulus that ____ the
unconditional stimulus.
A) opposite; follows
B) opposite; predicts
C) similar; follows
D) similar; predicts
6. Selma asks Dylan for directions to his house. When he tells her to turn on 4th
Street, she asks what colour the house is on the corner where she is to turn.
Dylan is surprised that he actually knows that the house is blue. The fact that
Dylan can recall this information although he had never really thought about it
before, illustrates the concept of ______ memory.
A) explicit
B) implicit
C) schema-based
D) sensory
7. According to Erikson, during the early adult years individuals must resolve the
psychosocial crisis of
A) intimacy versus isolation
B) trust versus mistrust
C) initiative versus guilt
D) identity versus role confusion
8. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus leads to
A) overeating, but a significant weight loss.
B) Undereating and a significant weight loss.
C) Undereating, but a significant weight gain.
D) Overeating and a significant weight gain.
9. Angela was assigned the code number 853271 by her bank when she first
opened her account. Later, her bank changed its coding system, and Angela was
assigned the new code number 469830. If Angela experienced retroactive
interference when asked for both her bank code numbers, one would expect
that she would only be able to recall
A) the last three digits (271) of her old number.
B) The first three digits (853) of her old number.
C) Six digits, 469830
D) Six digits, 853271
10. Hal was smiling and he said he felt unbelievably happy. The missing component
of this emotion is
A) a subjective experience.
B) an expressive reaction.
C) a physiological response.
D) a cognitive reaction.
11. Anh’s head injury resulted in what was diagnosed as retrograde amnesia, a form
of ______ , which made her unable to recall events that happened ____ the
injury.
A) organic amnesia; just before
B) organic amnesia; just after
C) psychological amnesia; just before
D) psychological amnesia; just after
12. Valerie used to leave her room in a very disorderly state with bed unmade. A
month ago, her parents got tired of cleaning up after her and temporarily cut off
Valerie’s allowance until she stopped leaving her room in such a mess. Now,
Valerie usually ensures that her room is clean before she leaves the house. In
this case, losing her allowance acted as ________ for leaving her room messy.
A) positive punisher
B) negative reinforce
C) conditioned stimulus
D) negative punisher
13. Jillian had a dream in which she fell from an airplane and landed on a cloud that
turned into a sandy beach by an orange lake. According to activation-synthesis
hypothesis of dreaming, the sudden, bizarre changes in settings that took place
in Jillian’s dream represent
A) the manifest content of the dream.
B) an interpretation of random neural activity in the hind brain.
C) The latent content of the dream
D) a psychic premonition of future events
14. As time passes, regardless of what happens in life, there is a tendency for
memories to be lost. Forgetting is influenced by many factors, but the
examination of the effect of time, alone is of interest to researchers of
A) passive degeneration
B) implicit memory
C) neural processing
D) decay theory
15. The set point account of the relative stability of bodyweight, considers the role
of ____ in weight regulation.
A) homeostatic process and number of fat cells
B) the number of fat cells and metabolic rate
C) the interaction of genetic and environmental factors
D) both psychological and physiological factors
16. The only time Bowzer responds to commands is when his master gives them. No
one else in the family can tell Bowzer what to do. Bowzer’s behaviour is an
example of
A) stimulus discrimination.
B) Stimulus generalization.
C) Aversive conditioning.
D) Conditioned inhibition.
17. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
A) heart rate increases and becomes very rapid, but the pulse rate slows.
B) Individuals are deeply asleep, but they can easily be awakened
C) Individuals are deeply asleep, but EEG recordings resemble waking patterns.
D) We don’t know.
18. Andy had a dream in which a blue dog held him up with a gun. Andy tells you
that he thinks the dream represents an unconscious desire to cancel his
upcoming wedding plans. According to Freud, the blue dog with the gun in
Andy’s dream would represent
A) the latent content of the dream.
B) An interpretation of random neural activity in the hind brain.
C) The manifest content of the dream.
D) A psychic premonition of future events.
19. Superstitious behaviours are often very resistant to extinction because they
tend to be reinforced on a _______ schedule.
A) continuous reinforcement
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
20. Wilma is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger cookie
than she has. Her dad quickly breaks Wilma’s cookie in two and tells her that she
now has more cookies. If Wilma calms down and is convinced that she does have
more cookie, it would suggest that Wilma
A) has not yet mastered object permanence.
B) Understands object permanence.
C) Does not yet understand conservation.
D) Has mastered the concept of conservation.
21. Sally has taken ______ that is causing her to hear colours and see music.
A) heroin
B) LSD
C) Alcohol
D) Abarbiturate
22. Dora is colouring a picture because she thinks it is fun to colour. This is an
example of
A) self-actualization.
B) Incentive motivation.
C) Intrinsic motivation.
D) Extrinsic motivation.
23. Children displaying signs of resistant attachment may show their ______ by
_______ to leave a parent’s side to go exploring.
A) absence of attachment to the parent; showing no hesitation
B) reluctance to form attachment; being ambivalent about wanting
C) lack of trust for the parent; refusing
D) reluctance to seek friendships; refusing
24. Before the sleep study began, Helen was told that she would be asked at various
times while she slept to raise her hand when she heard her name. During Stage 2
Sleep, the experimenter called out Helen’s name. She ________, but ________.
A) raised her hand; her EEG showed very little sleep spindly production
B) did not raise her hand; her EEG recorded the presence of K complexes
C) was aware of the voice; could only raise hand slightly
D) understood the command; could not respond
25. For the past 6 months, Nicole has been taking a mild amphetamine to help her
stay awake during double shifts at work. She has now stopped working the
extras shifts, but finds that if she doesn’t continue to take the amphetamine, she
starts sweating and develops bad tremors. This would suggest that Nicole
A) has become habituated to amphetamines.
B) Is experiencing the effects of drug intolerance.
C) Has developed a drug tolerance for amphetamines.
D) Has developed a drug dependency on amphetamines.
26. A snarling dog approached Rob suddenly. He began to sweat, his heart beat
more rapidly, and his muscles tensed. According to the James-Lange theory, Rob
first felt the emotion of fear
A) right after seeing the dog, and before physiological around began.
B) Right after the physiological arousal began.
C) At the same time as the physiological arousal began.
D) Right after he evaluated or appraised the physiological arousal.
27. The sort of rationale that would make the most sense to a person at the
preconventional level of moral reasoning would be don’t hit Justin, because
A) you should never hurt anyone.
B) It’s against the rules.
C) you’ll have to stay after school.
D) because Justin is my friend.
28. As Rose grew older, it became increasingly more difficult for her to remember
things like whether or not she had turned off the stove or had locked the doors.
Nonetheless, she still had a very clear recollection of her wedding day. Although
her _______ memory was showing signs of impairment, her ______ memory was
not.
A) sensory; long-term
B) short-term; long-term
C) short-term; associative
D) associative; long-term
29. Habituation is adaptive because it permits animals to
A) react quickly to sudden changes in the environment.
B) learn about the signaling properties of events.
C) learn about the consequences of behavioural responses.
D) learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance.
30. The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that
A) classical conditioning can only be used to condition biologically meaningful
responses.
B) even if a person is able to extinguish a classically conditioned response, there
is an excellent chance that the response will later reappear.
C) once a conditioned response has been extinguished a person will also stop
responding to similar stimuli.
D) when a conditioned response is extinguished, second-order conditioning is
necessary to relearn the original response.
Short Answer Questions:
1) Describe the dichotic listening experiment and discuss what the results from
these types of experiments demonstrate about attention.
2) Explain context-dependent or state-dependent learning and give 1 example of
each.
3) Are Erikson’s 8 stages of personal identity development a well accepted
contribution to personality research field? Explain.
4) Contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
5) Contrast classical and operant/instrumental conditioning. Discuss the essential
concepts and what the organism learns in each case.
6) Describe and discuss the stages of sleep (incl. the waveforms of EEG recordings).