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Chapter 30
•
4 Kinds of body tissues
–
Epithelial Tissue:
•
•
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Nervous Tissue:
•
–
Consists of nerve cells and their supporting
cells.
Connective Tissue:
•
–
Lines most body surfaces
Protects other tissues from dehydration
and physical damage.
Support, protect, and insulate the body.
– Ex. Fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, and
blood.
Muscle Tissue:
•
Enables the movement of body structures
by muscle contraction.
– 3 kinds of muscle tissues
»
»
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Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
 Nutrient:

Substance needed by the body for energy
growth, repair, and maintenance.
 Large
down

food molecules must be broken
Digestion:

Process of breaking down food into molecules the body
can use.
 The
energy available in food is measured
using a unit called

Calorie:

Amount of heat energy required to raise the temp. of
1g of water 1 degree C.
 Carbohydrates:


Single sugar molecules called monosaccharides
Ex. Fruits, honey, onions
 Proteins:


Amino acids
Ex. Eggs, fish, milk, poultry
 Lipids:


Organic compounds that are insoluble in water
that are used to make steroid hormones and to
store energy.
Ex. Fats
 Regulate

Vitamins:



Organic substances that occur in many foods in small
amounts
Ex. Vitamin A, B, C, D, E
Minerals:



the reactions that release energy
Naturally occurring inorganic substances that are used to
make certain body structures and substances
Ex. Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium
Water:

Used by the body as a medium to transport gases, nutrients,
and waste products.
 Food
is broken down to its
molecular components that
can be absorbed and used by
cells for energy.

Mechanically:


The main purpose of the mouth is the
physical breakdown of food into
smaller pieces.
Chemically:

Saliva has an enzyme called amylase

Breaks down starch into smaller
molecules called monosaccharides
 Esophagus:


A muscular tube by which
food or drink gets to your
stomach when you swallow.
Epiglottis:

The flap of skin that covers your
trachea when you swallow so that
food doesn’t go into your lungs.
 Peristaltic

Contractions:
The series of muscular
contractions that pushes food
down the esophagus.
 Mechanical

The stomach has muscular walls
that contract to mix food and
digestive enzymes.
 Chemical

digestion
digestion
An enzyme called pepsin

Breaks down proteins
Hydrochloric acid provides the
acidic environment that pepsin
needs to work.
 Mucus:


Protects the stomach from the acid.

Excessive acid results in an

Ulcer (Hole in the wall of the stomach or
small intestine)

Small intestine:
Coiled tubular organ that functions in the
digestion and absorption of nutrients.
 Villi:


Small projections in the lining of the small
intestine.
Receives secretions from the pancreas, liver,
and gallbladder
 Lipase:


Pancreatic enzyme that digests fats
Small
intestine
 All
components of food that are not for energy
production are considered waste

Colon:

Organ that compacts waste for excretion
 Has

Secretes bile



Which breaks down lipids
Bile is stored in the gallbladder
Hepatitis:


several functions
Inflammation of the liver
Metabolism

Converts extra sugar to glycogen and used when needed for
energy
 The

body excretes water and Metabolic wastes
Excretion:

The process that rids the body of toxic chemicals, excess water,
salts, and CO2
 Organs



of excretion
Lungs: Exhale CO2
Kidneys/skin: Excess water
Liver: Excess ammonia

Urea:
 Less toxic nitrogen waste

Kidneys are composed of bloodfiltering units called

Nephrons:


Tiny tubes that filter wastes from the
blood, retain useful molecules, and
produce urine.
Three different phases occur
Filtration
 Re-absorption & Secretion
 Urine Formation



Urine:
 H20 and metabolic wastes left after
filtering
Ureters:
 Tube through which urine produced
passes to the bladder
 Urinary

Bladder:
A hollow, muscular sac that stores urine
 Urethra:

Tube through which urine leaves the bladder and
exits the body
 Kidney


damage is fixed by
Kidney dialysis
Kidney transplant