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Period 1 – 1491 to 1607 Contact Commerce Conflict Contact • Important questions to consider: • How did Native Americans reach North America? • What does North America look like before it is “discovered” by Christopher Columbus? • What caused the high level of diversity seen in Native American populations before Columbus? Peopling of North America Most popular theory – Last Great Ice Age, 35,000 years ago exposes a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. Nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers will follow migrating herds of game into North America. These groups will continue to migrate south to the southern tip of South America. Major Native American Groups at time of Contact • Mesoamerican • Southwest • Great Basin • Northwest Coast/California • Great Plains • Southeast • Northeast Mesoamerican • Olmecs, Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas • Centered in Central and South America • Large populations made possible by corn agriculture. i.e. Three Sisters • Highly developed societies and extensive cities. i.e. Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan, Palenque, Machu Picchu. Three Sisters Farming •Corn •Squash •Beans Teotihuacan Tenochtitlan Machu Picchu Palenque Southwest • Anasazi, Pueblo • Supported large populations with corn agriculture, supplemented by irrigation • Highly developed society • Created large cities out of adobe bricks. Great Basin/Plateau • Shoshone and Paiute • Semi-arid region with poor access to water. • Supported much smaller population with hunting-gathering. • Organized society, but no permanent settlements because of lack of agriculture and farmland. Northwest Coast/California • Chinook • Hunter/gatherers, but were able to support larger population because of abundant sources of food. • Fairly complex society with a rich tradition of art; totem poles. • Held potlatches, where high ranking members of society would give away their possessions. Great Plains • Sioux, Comanche • Hunter/gatherers dependent on the migration of buffalo herds on the great plains. • No permanent settlements due to nomadic existence. Southeast • Cherokee, Choctaw, Mississipians • One of the most densely populated North American Native groups due to extensive corn production. • Allowed for complex societies and large population centers. • Most notable is Cahokia. Northeast • Iroquois, Huron • Some agriculture based on three sisters production, but also relied heavily on hunting/gathering. • Most closely resembles the large empires of Mesoamerica (Aztecs) because of the Iroquois Confederacy that bound several Northeast tribes together. Contact • Important questions to consider: • How did Native Americans reach North America? • What does North America look like before it is “discovered” by Christopher Columbus? • What caused the high level of diversity seen in Native American populations before Columbus? Contact • Important Questions in consider: • How did the Crusades lead to Columbus’ discovery of the Americas? Crusades • Crusades expose Europeans to luxuries from the Far East. • After Crusades, trade is dominated by merchants in the Middle East and the Italians. • Trade also brings technology: the compass, astrolabe, and the lateen sail. • Tremendous demand and price of luxuries drive Europeans to seek other means of reaching the East Indies. Henry the Navigator • Portugal leads the way in exploration, thanks to Henry the Navigator • Portuguese are seeking a water route to Asia. • Sails south around the coast of Africa following prevailing winds and currents. • Bartholemeu Dias will discover the Cape of Good Hope, 1488 • Vasco De Gama will reach India ten years later • Portugal will establish colonies in the East Indies and along the Coast of Africa • Portugal’s ports in Africa will adopt the practice of slavery from Africans – will begin a lucrative trade in slaves and gold •Spain will not enter the Age of Exploration until they can unite Spain in 1469. •They will expel the Muslims from Granada in 1492. Granada Christopher Columbus •Portugal’s control of Africa will force the Spanish to seek a water route to Asia by going west. •Columbus, an Italian sailing for Spain, will land in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492 thinking he had found the East Indies. •1492 marks the shift from the Pre-Columbian to Post-Columbian North America. Commerce Important question: • How did the interaction between the New and Old Worlds impact both? • The commingling of European and New World cultures is known as the Columbian Exchange • Named after Columbus • Comes in three flavors: • Plants/Animals • People • Disease Impact on New World Impact on New World • Most dramatic effect is the introduction of disease. • Thousands of years of isolation had cost Native Americans their immunity to many European diseases. • Diseases like smallpox will ravage Native Populations, killing 80 to 90 percent of Native Americans. 1519 Impact on the Old World • New World contributes a tremendous amount of wealth to Europe, especially Spain, in the form of gold and silver. • Also provides Europe with a number of lucrative cash crops such as tobacco and sugar. • Most important, Europe gets access to corn, potatoes, and beans. Crops from the New World will eventually make up 3/5 of the food crops grown today. First Line of Demarcation In 1493, Spain convinces the Pope to grant it control of non-Christian lands in the New World Treaty of Tordesillas The 1493 line cuts Portugal out of the New World. Portugal objects; signs Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain in 1494. 2nd Line of Demarcation The 1494 line grants Spain most of the New World, while Portugal gets Brazil in South America and colonies in Africa. Spain in the West Indies By 1500, Spain controls the Caribbean. In order to colonize the new world, Spain will rely on encomiendas. Only requirement was to convert the Natives to Christianity. Under this system, Native populations were given to Spanish settlers with land. This system will be slavery in all but name. Hernan Cortes defeats the Aztecs in 1521. He claims modern day Mexico for Spain. Francisco Pizarro will defeat the Incas in 1532, adding the west coast of South America. Balboa will lead an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and discover the Pacific Ocean for Spain Spain will use Caribbean to explore Americas. Magellan’s expedition will be the first to circumnavigate the globe. Ponce De Leon claimed Florida for Spain while searching for gold, and supposedly the Fountain of Youth Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River while exploring the Southeast United States Coronado claimed the Southwest United States for Spain. He also discovered the Grand Canyon. Cabrillo will explore the coast of California. Conflict • How does exploration create conflict among European powers? • How does contact create conflict between Native Americans and Europeans? English/Dutch John Cabot will explore the Northeast Coast in 1497 Henry Hudson will explore Hudson Bay in 1607 while searching for a Northwest Passage. French Verrazano will explore American East Coast in 1524 Cartier will discover the St. Lawrence River in 1534 La Salle will chart the Mississippi River to New Orleans. Spain react by building up their empire in North America. • In 1565, they built a fort at St. Augustine Florida. • It was designed to prevent the French from sailing into the Caribbean. • It is the oldest, continually inhabited European settlement in the United States. Juan de Oñate will lead an expedition into the American Southwest. • In his wake, Spain will establish a chain of missions, or fortified churches, throughout the American Southwest. • These fortified churches are designed convert the native populations to Catholicism. • They would also help Spain to claim the vast territory it claimed in North America. Notable Spanish Missions •Santa Fe •San Diego •San Francisco Spain did suffer setbacks in colonization The Aztecs will fight back during the Noche Triste, driving the Spanish from Tenochtitlan. The Pueblo Indians in New Mexico will rise up against the Spanish in 1680. Pope’s Rebellion will destroy every mission in New Mexico. The Black Legend •This is the belief that Spain tortured, infected, oppressed and stole from the Native Americans in their colonies. It is the belief that Spain had only a negative impact on the culture of the Americas. What do you think . . . •Is the Black Legend true? What evidence from the reading and the notes supports this claim? •What evidence from the reading and the notes offers contradictory evidence to the Black Legend? 1. 1. 2. Provided laws, religion, and language that will become the 2. unique cultures of Latin America. Provided horses, iron, 3. and other key strategic sources that strengthened remain native tribes, i.e. 4. Plains Indians. Enslaved Native Population through the use of the encomienda system. Infected natives with European diseases the devastated population. Stole lands that originally belonged to natives, along with gold and silver. Eradicated numerous unique native cultures.