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Ocean Zones Ocean Waters Contain Many Environments. The Earth’s oceans can be divided into several different regions: Estuary (Wetlands) Intertidal Zone Neritic Zone Open-Ocean (Oceanic) Zone Abyssal Zone Estuary (Wetland) An estuary is a coastal inlet or bay where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean. The mix of fresh and salt water forms brackish water. Because an estuary is found at the mouth of a river, it is easily collects all of the pollution that the river was carrying. Estuary pollution is a major concern! Estuary: Salt Marsh Most often found along the coast from Massachusetts to Florida. Examples of organisms that live in a salt marsh: Mosquitoes Cord grass Crabs Shrimp Herons Egrets Estuary: Mangrove Forest Most often found along the tropical gulf water of southern Florida Examples of organisms living in the mangrove forest: Mangrove tree- the mangrove roots can withstand most hurricane winds. The Intertidal Zone The intertidal zone stretches from the highest high- tide line on land out to the lowest low-tide line in the water. Organisms living in this zone must be able to: Tolerate the pounding of waves Tolerate changes in temperature Tolerate changes in salinity (saltiness of water) Live underwater and exposed to air Intertidal: The Rocky Coast Examples of organisms living on the rocky coast: Black algae Rock lice Barnacles Rock weed Mussels Limpets Intertidal: Tide Pool Examples of organisms living in a tide pool: Sea stars Spiny purple sea urchin Sponges Sea anemones The Neritic Zone The neritic zone is the part of the ocean that extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf. The neritic zone is the most diverse environment in regards to plants and animals due to the available sunlight and steady supply of nutrients. Upwelling currents cycle nutrients from the bottom of the neritic zone to the surface. Upwelling Currents Upwelling is the upward movement of cold water from the oceans depths. Winds blow away the warm surface water, and cold water rises to replace it. Neritic: Kelp Forest Most often found in the cold pacific water from Alaska to Mexico. Examples of organisms that live in the kelp forest: Kelp Sea slugs Snails Sea otters Neritic: Coral Reef Examples of organisms living in a coral reef: Elkhorn coral Brain coral Star coral Octopi Spiny lobsters Shrimp Eels Many species of fish The Oceanic Zone The Oceanic Zone (or Open Ocean) begins where the neritic zone ends. Only a small portion of this zone receives sunlight. Dissolved nutrients are less abundant. The oceanic zone supports fewer organisms. Open Ocean: The Surface Zone This zone extends as far as sunlight reaches below the surface. Examples of organisms living in the surface zone: Algae Plankton Some species of fish Open Ocean: The Deep Zone The deep zone is dark and cold due to the lack of sunlight. Few organisms can live in this zone. Examples of organisms that live in the deep zone: Angler fish Other species with bioluminescent ability. Abyssal Zone: Hydrothermal Vents A hydrothermal vent is an area where ocean water sinks through cracks in the ocean floor, is heated by magma, and rises again. Examples of organisms living around a hydrothermal vent: Bacteria Red-tipped tube worms Ocean Floor tallest mountains and deepest canyons Seafloor spreading – when tectonic plates move apart (divergent plate movement) magma hardens and creates more area on the ocean floor. Continental Shelf- flat or gently sloping land that lies submerged around the edges of the continent. Found between the shore line and the continental slope. Continental slope-The steep edge of the continental shelf, marks true edge of continent Ocean Floor Ocean Trenches-deep canyons. Some of Earth’s deepest points. Mariana Trench Abyssal Plain- wide flat area of the ocean floor covered with sediment. Mid-Ocean Ridge- chain of mountains. Seamounts- Mountains whose peaks do not break the surface of the ocean Volcanic islands- mountains whose peaks break the surface of the ocean, lava cools, islands form. Draw a picture of the ocean floor from page 150-151 in your textbook. Label the following: Continental shelf, continental slope, ocean trenches, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, seamounts and volcanic islands. Ocean Water Chemistry Salinity – is the measure of the amount of dissolved salts. (NaCl + others…) Ocean’s salinity has remained constant but some areas differ due to High temperature - increase in salinity Very low temperatures increase in salinity Near freshwater source decrease in salinity Area with a lot of precipitation decrease in salinity Seawater contains many different gases. Cold water holds more gas than warm water. Seawater with low salinity holds more gas than high salinity water. Deep water, which has a high pressure, holds more gas than shallow water. Ocean water Chemistry DENSITY Salt water is more dense than fresh water Oceans Layers Surface Layer- heated by the sun and mixed up with waves. Remember heated water is less dense so it stays at the surface. (0-200 meters deep) Thermocline/ Transition- lies below surface water and is colder as you go deeper. (200 m – 1km deep) Deep Water- cold all year. Barely above freezing all year in all places. (1km – ocean floor) Near the Equator the ocean water is always warmer at the surface. Exploring the Water Column ZONE DEPTH TEMP. PRESSURE DENSITY SALINITY Color & light Surface Zone Surface to 200m deep 17.5 C Least pressure Least dense (warm) Varies Yellow to blue green Transition 200m to Zone 1,000m deep 4C Increase in pressure Increase in Constant density Deep Zone 3.5 C Greatest Most pressure 400x dense atm. pressure 1,000m (1km) to ocean floor Constant No light No light Oceanography -the study and exploration of the world’s oceans. Oceanographer- scientist who studies the ocean. Marine biology- study of saltwater ecosystems and estuaries Fishery biologist-manage specific fish populations (game fish) How do we study what we can not see? Remote Sensing: Collecting data when not physically there Go to http://sharks-ocearch.verite.com SONAR – SOund NAvigation Ranging use to measure ocean depth The key is to know how fast the sound waves travels through salt water! Submersibles and ROV small submarine equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms, cameras and other scientific instruments able to withstand the water pressure Remotely Operated Vechicle - ROV Satellite Imagery- Used to see Algal Blooms identify amounts and locations of phytoplankton Monitor ocean temperatures (El Nino –p139-140 blue book) Buoys- monitor temperature, winds, and currents Abiotic vs. Biotic Abiotic – nonliving parts of an ecosystem Biotic – living parts of an ecosystem Abiotic Ocean Factors Salinity Gases : oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide Temperature Density Nutrients and oxygen (do to upwelling and downwelling) Color/Light Depth Pressure Ocean floor Marine Organisms classified into three main groups Benthos- organisms that live in, on or at the bottom of the ocean Examples- starfish, sponges, snails and tubeworms Plankton small microscopic organisms that move with the currents Bottom of the food chain in the ocean Phytoplankton- producer Zooplankton- primary consumer Nekton swimming animals that can move independently of the current Food Web- show the interconnected network of the food chain within an ecosystem. Is this Aquatic, Terrestrial, or Both? Energy Pyramid Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level (trophic level) to another. Each level has less energy than the level below 10 % of the energy at one level of a food web is transferred to the next higher level. Energy Pyramid Energy is measured in kilocalories (kcal) The most energy is at the producer level. As you move up the pyramid level, each level has les energy available As a result fewer organisms at highest level Design an energy pyramid of an ocean ecosystem Give the pyramid a title Include producers,1st order consumers, 2nd order consumers, 3rd order consumers Label trophic levels and producers/consumer Record energy transferred at each level in kilocalories (kcal) Summarize the flow of energy under your pyramid(five sentences)!