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Transcript
1 POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION LAB NAME ______________________________________DATE _________________________ PER _____ PURPOSE: See attachment PART 1: ESTIMATING ALLELE FREQUENCIES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT WITHIN A POPULATION PROCEDURE See attachment TASTE TEST DATA Phenotypes Tasters ( p2 + 2pq) Number Percent Allelle Frequency Based on the Hardy-Weinberg Equation Non-tasters (q2) Number p q Percent Class Population North American Population 0. 55 0. 45 Calculation of p and q using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. 1. q 2. p QUESTIONS: 1. What is the percentage of heterozygous tasters ( 2pq ) in your class? _____________ 2. What percentage of the North American population is heterozygous for the taster trait? _____________ 2 PART 2: CASE STUDIES CASE 1: A TEST OF AN IDEAL HARDY-WEINBERG POPULATION PROCEDURE See attachment CASE 1: HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM Initial Class Frequencies: CALCULATING ALLELE FREQUENCIES Number of A alleles present at the fifth generation AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ Number of offspring with AA ___ x 2 = ____ A alleles My initial genotype: _______ Number of offspring with Aa ___ x 1 = ____ A alleles F1 genotype: _______ Total = ____ A alleles F2 genotype: _______ p = _______ F3 genotype: _______ Number of a alleles present at the fifth generation F4 genotype: _______ Number of offspring with aa ____ x 2 = ____ a alleles F5 genotype: _______ Number of offspring with Aa ____x 1 = ____ a alleles Final Class Frequencies: Total = ____ a alleles AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ p _______ q _______ q = ________ QUESTIONS: 1. What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation predict for the new p and q? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Do the results you obtained in this simulation agree? ___________ 3. What major assumption(s) were not strictly followed in this simulation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 CASE 2: SELECTION PROCEDURE See attachment CASE 2: SELECTION Initial Class Frequencies: CALCULATING ALLELE FREQUENCIES Number of A alleles present at the fifth generation AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ Number of offspring with AA ___ x 2 = ____ A alleles My initial genotype: _______ Number of offspring with Aa ___ x 1 = ____ A alles F1 genotype: _______ Total = ____ A alleles F2 genotype: _______ p = _______ F3 genotype: _______ Number of a alleles present at the fifth generation F4 genotype: _______ Number of offspring with aa ____ x 2 = ____ a alleles F5 genotype: _______ Number of offspring with Aa ____x 1 = ____ a alleles Final Class Frequencies: Total = ____ a alleles AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ p _______ q _______ q = ________ QUESTIONS: 1. How does the frequency of p in this case compare to the one in case 1? How do the frequency of q in this case compare to the one in case 1? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How has the allelic frequency of the population changed? Why is this occurring? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Predict what would happen to the frequencies of p and q if you simulated another five generations. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. In a large population, would it be possible to completely eliminate a deleterious recessive allele? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 CASE 3: HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE PROCEDURE: See attachment DATA Initial Class Frequencies: CALCULATING ALLELE FREQUENCIES AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ Number of A alleles present at the fifth generation My initial genotype: _______ Number of offspring with AA ___ x 2 = ____ A alleles F1 genotype: ____ F6 genotype: ____ Number of offspring with Aa ___ x 1 = ____ A alles F2 genotype: ____ F7 genotype: ____ F3 genotype: ____ F8 genotype: ____ Total = ____ A alleles p = _______ F4 genotype: ____ F9 genotype: ____ Number of a alleles present at the fifth generation F5 genotype: ____ F10 genotype: ____ Number of offspring with aa ____ x 2 = ____ a alleles Number of offspring with Aa ____x 1 = ____ a alleles Final Class Frequencies after 5 generations: Total = ____ a alleles AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ q = ________ p _______ q _______ Number of A alleles present at the tenth generation Final Class Frequencies after 10 generations: Number of offspring with AA ___ x 2 = ____ A alleles AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ Number of offspring with Aa ___ x 1 = ____ A alles p _______ q _______ Total = ____ A alleles p = _______ Number of a alleles present at the tenth generation Number of offspring with aa ____ x 2 = ____ a alleles Number of offspring with Aa ____x 1 = ____ a alleles Total = ____ a alleles q = ________ QUESTIONS 1. How does the frequency of p in this case compare to the one in case 1? Case 2? How do the frequency of q in this case compare to the one in case 1? Case 2? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 2. Do you think the recessive allele will be completely eliminated in either Case 2 or Case 3? Explain. __________ 3. _______________________________________________________________________________________ What is the importance of heterozygotes (the heterozygote advantage) in maintaining genetic variation in populations? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ CASE 4: GENETIC DRIFT PROCEDURE See attachment DATA Initial Class Frequencies: CALCULATING ALLELE FREQUENCIES FOR YOUR SUB-POPULATION AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ Number of A alleles present at the fifth generation My initial genotype: _______ Number of offspring with AA ___ x 2 = ____ A alleles F1 genotype: _______ Number of offspring with Aa ___ x 1 = ____ A alles F2 genotype: _______ Total = ____ A alleles F3 genotype: _______ p = _______ F4 genotype: _______ Number of a alleles present at the fifth generation F5 genotype: _______ Number of offspring with aa ____ x 2 = ____ a alleles YOUR SUB-POPULATION Frequencies: Number of offspring with Aa ____x 1 = ____ a alleles AA _______ Aa _______ aa _______ Total = ____ a alleles p _______ q _______ q = ________ QUESTIONS 1. Explain how the initial genotypic frequencies of the populations compare. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do your results indicate about the importance of population size as an evolutionary force? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 HARDY-WEINBERG PROBLEMS 1. In Drosophila, the allele for normal length wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial wings. In a population of 1000 individuals, 360 show the recessive phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this trait? homozygous dominant heterozygous 2. The allele for the ability to roll one’s tongue is dominant over the allele for the lack of this ability. In a population of 500 individuals, 25 percent show the recessive phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this trait? homozygous dominant heterozygous 3. The allele for the hair pattern called “widow’s peak” is dominant over the allele for no “widow’s peak”. In a population of 1000 individuals, 510 show the dominant phenotype. How many individuals would you expect for each of the possible three genotypes for this trait? AA Aa aa 7 4. In the United States, about 16 percent of the population is Rh negative. The allele for Rh negative is recessive to the allele for Rh positive. If the student population of a high school in the U.S. is 2000, how many students would you expect for each of the three possible genotypes? AA Aa aa 5. In certain African countries, 4 percent of the newborn babies have sickle-cell anemia, which is a recessive trait. Out of a random population of 1000 newborn babiew, how many would you expect for each of the three possible genotypes? AA Aa aa 6. In a certain population, the dominant phenotype of a certain trait occurs 91 percent of the time. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? ERROR ANALYSIS: See attachment 8 POP GENETICS AND EVO LAB NOTES You may add any notes (from the lab text, textbook, lecture) on one side of this page to assist you on the pre-lab quiz. All notes included here must be HANDWRITTEN! This page must be included on the back of your lab report.
