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Lesson 1: Structure of the Solar System
Lesson 2: The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Lesson 3: The Planets and Their Moons
Lesson 4: Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
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11.1 Structure of the Solar System
axis of rotation
period of rotation
period of revolution
ellipse
astronomical unit
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
What is the solar system?
• Our solar system includes planets and
dwarf planets, their moons, a star called
the Sun, asteroids and comets.
• Planets, dwarf
planets, asteroids,
and comets all
orbit the Sun.
Solar Systems
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The Motion of the Planets
• Planets spin like a top spins on the floor.
• This spin is known as rotation.
• The axis of rotation is an imaginary
line through the center of the planet
around which the planet rotates.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The Motion of the Planets (cont.)
• Period of rotation—the amount of time it
takes to make one complete rotation
• Period of revolution—the time it takes
a planet to move around the Sun.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The Motion of the Planets (cont.)
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
• Kepler studied the motion of planets in
the early 1600s.
• He proposed three laws that govern the
motion of the planets.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Kepler’s First Law: Planets Orbits the
Sun in Elliptical Paths
• Kepler concluded
that Mars’ orbit
around the Sun is
an oval, or ellipse.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Area in
Equal Time
• A line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps
out equal areas in equal time.
• Planets move faster when they are closer to
the Sun than when they are far from the Sun.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Kepler’s Third Law: Orbital Period
Increases with Distance from the Sun
• A planet’s period of revolution increases as
its distance from the Sun also increases.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The Astronomical Unit
• The astronomical unit (AU) is the average
distance between the Sun and Earth.
• One AU is about 149,6000,000 km.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The Astronomical Unit (cont.)
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Gravity and the Solar System
• Recall that all objects that have mass
attract each other.
• The planets are attracted towards the Sun.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The Law of Universal Gravitation
• Isaac Newton explained that the force
holding the planets in orbit was gravity.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Formation of the Solar System
• Some scientist think that the
solar system was formed from
a giant cloud of gas and dust
called a nebula.
• Dense areas in the cloud
attracted more mass and
became even more dense.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Gravity Forming Stars and Planets
• The center of the nebula became more
dense and the temperature increased.
• The Sun formed from nuclear reactions in
the center of the nebula.
• Material farther away from the center of the
nebula formed a disk and began to clump
together, eventually becoming planets.
11.1 Structure of the Solar System
The period of rotation is the amount
of time is takes a planet to ____.
A travel around Mars
B travel one AU
C travel around the Sun
D spin once on its axis
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11.1 Structure of the Solar System
One AU is equal to ____.
A 1 million miles
B the average distance
between the Earth and
its moon
C the average distance
from the Sun to Pluto
D the average distance
from the Earth to the Sun
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11.1 Structure of the Solar System
Kepler’s first law of planetary motion
states ____.
A the farther a planet is from
the Sun, the longer it takes
to complete a revolution
B planets rotate faster when
they are closer to the Sun
C planets travel in an
elliptical orbit
0%
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D
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C
D planets travel faster when
they are closer to the Sun
B
A
B
C
D
A
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4.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
satellite
lunar phase
eclipse
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Earth’s Motion Around the Sun
• The Moon orbits the Earth, but at the
same time, the Earth-Moon system orbits
the Sun.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Earth’s Orbit
• The actual path is an ellipse.
• Earth is closest to the Sun in January.
• Earth is farthest from the Sun in July.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Earth’s Rotation
• Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
• The rotation causes day and night.
• Earth’s axis of rotation is 23.5° tilted to the
plane of orbit around the Sun.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
The Moon—Earth’s Satellite
• Earth has one moon revolving around it.
• A satellite is an object that revolves
around a planet.
The Moon—Earth’s Satellite (cont.)
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Formation of the Moon
• Scientists think that the Moon formed when
another large object collided with Earth.
• A large amount of matter was ejected into
space in the collision.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Formation of the Moon (cont.)
• The material eventually formed the Moon.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
The Motion of the Moon
• Gravitational force between Earth and the
Moon causes the Moon to orbit the Earth.
• The Moon rotates on its axis once every
28 days.
Tides
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
The Motion of the Moon (cont.)
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Phases of the Moon
• The Moon reflects sunlight.
• As the Moon travels around Earth, the
illuminated portion changes.
• The different appearances of the Moon are
called lunar phases.
How do Earth and
the moon interact to
cause the moon’s
phases?
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Eclipses
• An eclipse is a total or partial obscuring of
one celestial body by another.
• There are two types of eclipses:
– Lunar
– Solar
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Lunar Eclipses
• A lunar eclipse occurs when a portion of the
Moon is shaded from direct sunlight by Earth.
• During a lunar eclipse, Earth moves between
the Sun and the Moon when the Moon is full.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Solar Eclipses
• For a total solar eclipse on Earth, there
must be perfect alignment of the Moon
and the Sun.
• The Moon casts a small shadow on Earth.
11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
When is Earth farthest from the Sun?
A January
B April
C July
D October
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11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
What is the phase of the Moon called
when it is fully illuminated?
A new moon
B full moon
C blue moon
D harvest moon
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11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
The light from the moon is produced
by ____.
A the Moon itself
B Earth
C the Sun
D satellites
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11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
inner planet
outer planet
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
The Inner Planets
• The inner planets include Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars.
• All are rocky in
composition.
• All are within
1.5 AUs of
the Sun.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
The Inner Planets (cont.)
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Mercury
• Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.
• Mercury has a highly elliptical orbit and
travels faster than any other planet.
• Surface temperatures often reach 467°C.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Venus
• Venus is the second planet from the Sun.
• Venus is similar to Earth in size, mass,
composition, and distance from the Sun.
• Venus is covered by thick clouds of
carbon dioxide.
• Venus is often the brightest object in the
sky except for the Moon.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Earth
• Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
• Earth is the only body in our solar system
known to have life on it.
• Earth’s atmosphere affects the climate,
shields the surface from harmful radiation,
and burns up most meteoroids before
they strike the surface.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Mars
• Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
• Mars has two small moons, Phobos
and Deimos.
• Mars may once have had flowing water.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
The Outer Planets
• The outer planets include Jupiter, Saturn,
Neptune, and Uranus.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Jupiter
• Jupiter is the largest planet in our
solar system.
• Jupiter’s composition is of mostly hydrogen
and helium and resembles a small star.
• Jupiter is the first planet from the Sun to
have rings.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Jupiter (cont.)
• Jupiter has more than 60 moons; the four
largest are Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and
Europa.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Saturn
• Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and
helium.
• Saturn’s rings are composed mainly of ice
and rock.
• Saturn has over 30 known moons, the
largest is Titan.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Uranus
• Uranus is a blue-green gas planet that
rotates on its side.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Uranus (cont.)
• Uranus has 27 known moons and a series
of small rings.
• The atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and
helium.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Neptune
• Neptune was the first planet located by
theoretical predictions rather than through
ordinary observations.
• Neptune has 13 known moons and several
rings.
• Neptune’s atmosphere is mostly hydrogen,
helium, and methane.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Dwarf Planets
• Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are dwarf planets.
• A dwarf planets differs from a planet
because a dwarf planet has not cleared the
neighborhood around its orbit.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Ceres
• Ceres was discovered in 1801.
• It has an average diameter of 940 km.
• It is about 2.7 AU from the Sun.
• It orbits the Sun in about 4.6 years.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Pluto
• From the time of Pluto’s discovery in 1930
until 2006, it was known as a planet.
• Its average distance to the Sun is 39.2 AU.
• Its orbit lasts 248 years.
• Its largest moon, Charon, has a diameter
of about 1,200 km.
• Charon is about half as large as Pluto.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Eris
• Astronomers at the California Institute of
Technology discovered Eris in 2005.
• Its elliptical orbit varies from about 38 AU
to 98 AU from the Sun.
• Its orbit lasts 557 years.
• It has one moon, Dysnomia.
• It has a diameter of about 2,400 km.
• Eris is slightly larger than Pluto.
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Planets
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Planets (cont.)
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Planets (cont.)
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Planets (cont.)
11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Which of the following is NOT one of
the inner planets?
A Mars
B Jupiter
C Venus
D Earth
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11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
Which planet is unique in the
position of its axis of rotation?
A Jupiter
B Saturn
C Mercury
D Uranus
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11.3 The Planets and Their Moons
The outer planets are composed
mostly of ____.
A gases
B rocks
C glaciers
D dust
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11.4 Asteroids, Comets and Meteoroids
asteroid
comet
meteoroid
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Asteroids
• Asteroids are rocky objects, smaller than a
planet, found between the orbits of Mars
and Jupiter.
• There are
hundreds of
thousands of
asteroids in the
solar system.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Asteroids (cont.)
• Asteroids are thought to be leftover material
from the formation of the solar system.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Comets
• A comet is a small, icy body in orbit
around the Sun.
• Some comets have highly elliptical orbits
bringing them close to the Sun.
• The solid part of a comet is called the
nucleus and is made of icy material.
• The comet also contains dust, frozen
gases, and bits of rock.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Comets (cont.)
• When a comet passes near the Sun, the
gases are vaporized forming a tail.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
The Kuiper Belt
• Most short-period comets come from a
region of Kuiper Belt objects.
• The Kuiper Belt is an area of the solar
system that extends about 50 AU from
the Sun toward the orbit of Neptune.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Long-Period Comets and the
Oort Cloud
• Some long-period comets have orbital
periods in the millions or tens of millions
of years.
• Some scientists have proposed that
these comets originated from the Oort
cloud.
• The Oort cloud surrounds the solar
system.
• It might be as far as 100,000 AU from
the Sun.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Meteoroids
• Meteoroids are solid, interplanetary particles
passing through Earth’s atmosphere.
• A meteor is the streak of light seen in the
sky produced by a meteorite.
• A meteorite is the remaining portion of the
meteoroid that reaches Earth’s surface.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Meteoroids (cont.)
• Most scientists think that meteoroids came
from planets that broke apart during the
formation of our solar system.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Impact Craters on Earth
• Most meteoroids burn up in the
atmosphere.
• Some large meteors produce impact
craters, such as the Barringer Crater in
Arizona.
11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
A meteoroid that strikes the surface
of the Earth is called a(n) ____.
A asteroid
B meteor
C comet
D meteorite
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11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
What protects Earth from most
meteoroids?
A oceans
B the atmosphere
C the Moon
D Mars
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11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids
Where are most of the asteroids in
the solar system found?
A between Jupiter
and Saturn
B Saturn’s rings
C between Mars
and Jupiter
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C
D Kuiper Belt
B
A
B
C
D
A
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Which planet has the two moons,
Phobos and Deimos?
A Mercury
B Mars
C Jupiter
D Neptune
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D
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1. A A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is
2. B in the Moon’s shadow.
A True
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B
A
B False
What is the phase of the Moon called
when no part of it is illuminated?
A full moon
B black moon
C harvest moon
D new moon
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B
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D
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How many planets in our solar
system are known to have had life?
A 1
B 2
C 3
D none of the above
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Which of the following summarizes Kepler’s
third law of planetary motion?
A Planets spin faster as
they get closer to the Sun.
B The farther a planet is
from the Sun, the longer it
takes to complete one orbit.
C Planets travel faster when
they are closer to the Sun.
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C
D Planets travel in an
elliptical orbit around
the Sun.
B
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SCI 4.e
Who discovered the 4 largest moons
of Jupiter?
A Kepler
B Newton
C Copernicus
D Galileo
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SCI 4.e
What is the closest outer planet to
the Sun?
A Mercury
B Jupiter
C Mars
D Saturn
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SCI 4.e
Which of the following consists of a
frozen ball of rock?
A a comet
B an asteroid
C a meteor
D Mars
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B
A
B
C
D
A
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SCI 4.e
What is the third planet from
the Sun?
A Venus
B Mars
C Earth
D Titan
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B
C
D
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SCI 2.g
What force keeps the Earth orbiting
the Sun?
A the magnetic field
of Earth
B the Moon’s gravity
C the Sun’s gravity
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D
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C
D the rotation of Earth
on its axis
B
A
B
C
D
A
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