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Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Structure of the Solar System Lesson 2: The Sun-Earth-Moon System Lesson 3: The Planets and Their Moons Lesson 4: Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System axis of rotation period of rotation period of revolution ellipse astronomical unit 11.1 Structure of the Solar System What is the solar system? • Our solar system includes planets and dwarf planets, their moons, a star called the Sun, asteroids and comets. • Planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets all orbit the Sun. Solar Systems 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The Motion of the Planets • Planets spin like a top spins on the floor. • This spin is known as rotation. • The axis of rotation is an imaginary line through the center of the planet around which the planet rotates. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The Motion of the Planets (cont.) • Period of rotation—the amount of time it takes to make one complete rotation • Period of revolution—the time it takes a planet to move around the Sun. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The Motion of the Planets (cont.) 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion • Kepler studied the motion of planets in the early 1600s. • He proposed three laws that govern the motion of the planets. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Kepler’s First Law: Planets Orbits the Sun in Elliptical Paths • Kepler concluded that Mars’ orbit around the Sun is an oval, or ellipse. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Area in Equal Time • A line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time. • Planets move faster when they are closer to the Sun than when they are far from the Sun. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Kepler’s Third Law: Orbital Period Increases with Distance from the Sun • A planet’s period of revolution increases as its distance from the Sun also increases. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The Astronomical Unit • The astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the Sun and Earth. • One AU is about 149,6000,000 km. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The Astronomical Unit (cont.) 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Gravity and the Solar System • Recall that all objects that have mass attract each other. • The planets are attracted towards the Sun. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The Law of Universal Gravitation • Isaac Newton explained that the force holding the planets in orbit was gravity. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Formation of the Solar System • Some scientist think that the solar system was formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. • Dense areas in the cloud attracted more mass and became even more dense. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Gravity Forming Stars and Planets • The center of the nebula became more dense and the temperature increased. • The Sun formed from nuclear reactions in the center of the nebula. • Material farther away from the center of the nebula formed a disk and began to clump together, eventually becoming planets. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System The period of rotation is the amount of time is takes a planet to ____. A travel around Mars B travel one AU C travel around the Sun D spin once on its axis 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System One AU is equal to ____. A 1 million miles B the average distance between the Earth and its moon C the average distance from the Sun to Pluto D the average distance from the Earth to the Sun 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Kepler’s first law of planetary motion states ____. A the farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer it takes to complete a revolution B planets rotate faster when they are closer to the Sun C planets travel in an elliptical orbit 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D planets travel faster when they are closer to the Sun B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System satellite lunar phase eclipse 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Earth’s Motion Around the Sun • The Moon orbits the Earth, but at the same time, the Earth-Moon system orbits the Sun. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Earth’s Orbit • The actual path is an ellipse. • Earth is closest to the Sun in January. • Earth is farthest from the Sun in July. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Earth’s Rotation • Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. • The rotation causes day and night. • Earth’s axis of rotation is 23.5° tilted to the plane of orbit around the Sun. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System The Moon—Earth’s Satellite • Earth has one moon revolving around it. • A satellite is an object that revolves around a planet. The Moon—Earth’s Satellite (cont.) 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Formation of the Moon • Scientists think that the Moon formed when another large object collided with Earth. • A large amount of matter was ejected into space in the collision. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Formation of the Moon (cont.) • The material eventually formed the Moon. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System The Motion of the Moon • Gravitational force between Earth and the Moon causes the Moon to orbit the Earth. • The Moon rotates on its axis once every 28 days. Tides 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System The Motion of the Moon (cont.) 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Phases of the Moon • The Moon reflects sunlight. • As the Moon travels around Earth, the illuminated portion changes. • The different appearances of the Moon are called lunar phases. How do Earth and the moon interact to cause the moon’s phases? 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Eclipses • An eclipse is a total or partial obscuring of one celestial body by another. • There are two types of eclipses: – Lunar – Solar 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Lunar Eclipses • A lunar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Moon is shaded from direct sunlight by Earth. • During a lunar eclipse, Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon when the Moon is full. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System Solar Eclipses • For a total solar eclipse on Earth, there must be perfect alignment of the Moon and the Sun. • The Moon casts a small shadow on Earth. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System When is Earth farthest from the Sun? A January B April C July D October 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System What is the phase of the Moon called when it is fully illuminated? A new moon B full moon C blue moon D harvest moon 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.2 The Sun-Earth-Moon System The light from the moon is produced by ____. A the Moon itself B Earth C the Sun D satellites 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons inner planet outer planet 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons The Inner Planets • The inner planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. • All are rocky in composition. • All are within 1.5 AUs of the Sun. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons The Inner Planets (cont.) 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Mercury • Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. • Mercury has a highly elliptical orbit and travels faster than any other planet. • Surface temperatures often reach 467°C. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Venus • Venus is the second planet from the Sun. • Venus is similar to Earth in size, mass, composition, and distance from the Sun. • Venus is covered by thick clouds of carbon dioxide. • Venus is often the brightest object in the sky except for the Moon. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Earth • Earth is the third planet from the Sun. • Earth is the only body in our solar system known to have life on it. • Earth’s atmosphere affects the climate, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and burns up most meteoroids before they strike the surface. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Mars • Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. • Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. • Mars may once have had flowing water. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons The Outer Planets • The outer planets include Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Jupiter • Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. • Jupiter’s composition is of mostly hydrogen and helium and resembles a small star. • Jupiter is the first planet from the Sun to have rings. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Jupiter (cont.) • Jupiter has more than 60 moons; the four largest are Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Saturn • Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. • Saturn’s rings are composed mainly of ice and rock. • Saturn has over 30 known moons, the largest is Titan. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Uranus • Uranus is a blue-green gas planet that rotates on its side. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Uranus (cont.) • Uranus has 27 known moons and a series of small rings. • The atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and helium. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Neptune • Neptune was the first planet located by theoretical predictions rather than through ordinary observations. • Neptune has 13 known moons and several rings. • Neptune’s atmosphere is mostly hydrogen, helium, and methane. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Dwarf Planets • Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are dwarf planets. • A dwarf planets differs from a planet because a dwarf planet has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Ceres • Ceres was discovered in 1801. • It has an average diameter of 940 km. • It is about 2.7 AU from the Sun. • It orbits the Sun in about 4.6 years. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Pluto • From the time of Pluto’s discovery in 1930 until 2006, it was known as a planet. • Its average distance to the Sun is 39.2 AU. • Its orbit lasts 248 years. • Its largest moon, Charon, has a diameter of about 1,200 km. • Charon is about half as large as Pluto. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Eris • Astronomers at the California Institute of Technology discovered Eris in 2005. • Its elliptical orbit varies from about 38 AU to 98 AU from the Sun. • Its orbit lasts 557 years. • It has one moon, Dysnomia. • It has a diameter of about 2,400 km. • Eris is slightly larger than Pluto. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Planets 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Planets (cont.) 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Planets (cont.) 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Planets (cont.) 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Which of the following is NOT one of the inner planets? A Mars B Jupiter C Venus D Earth 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons Which planet is unique in the position of its axis of rotation? A Jupiter B Saturn C Mercury D Uranus 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.3 The Planets and Their Moons The outer planets are composed mostly of ____. A gases B rocks C glaciers D dust 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets and Meteoroids asteroid comet meteoroid 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Asteroids • Asteroids are rocky objects, smaller than a planet, found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. • There are hundreds of thousands of asteroids in the solar system. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Asteroids (cont.) • Asteroids are thought to be leftover material from the formation of the solar system. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Comets • A comet is a small, icy body in orbit around the Sun. • Some comets have highly elliptical orbits bringing them close to the Sun. • The solid part of a comet is called the nucleus and is made of icy material. • The comet also contains dust, frozen gases, and bits of rock. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Comets (cont.) • When a comet passes near the Sun, the gases are vaporized forming a tail. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids The Kuiper Belt • Most short-period comets come from a region of Kuiper Belt objects. • The Kuiper Belt is an area of the solar system that extends about 50 AU from the Sun toward the orbit of Neptune. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Long-Period Comets and the Oort Cloud • Some long-period comets have orbital periods in the millions or tens of millions of years. • Some scientists have proposed that these comets originated from the Oort cloud. • The Oort cloud surrounds the solar system. • It might be as far as 100,000 AU from the Sun. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Meteoroids • Meteoroids are solid, interplanetary particles passing through Earth’s atmosphere. • A meteor is the streak of light seen in the sky produced by a meteorite. • A meteorite is the remaining portion of the meteoroid that reaches Earth’s surface. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Meteoroids (cont.) • Most scientists think that meteoroids came from planets that broke apart during the formation of our solar system. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Impact Craters on Earth • Most meteoroids burn up in the atmosphere. • Some large meteors produce impact craters, such as the Barringer Crater in Arizona. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids A meteoroid that strikes the surface of the Earth is called a(n) ____. A asteroid B meteor C comet D meteorite 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids What protects Earth from most meteoroids? A oceans B the atmosphere C the Moon D Mars 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.4 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Where are most of the asteroids in the solar system found? A between Jupiter and Saturn B Saturn’s rings C between Mars and Jupiter 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D Kuiper Belt B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Concepts in Motion Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Which planet has the two moons, Phobos and Deimos? A Mercury B Mars C Jupiter D Neptune 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. A A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is 2. B in the Moon’s shadow. A True 0 % 0 % B A B False What is the phase of the Moon called when no part of it is illuminated? A full moon B black moon C harvest moon D new moon 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. How many planets in our solar system are known to have had life? A 1 B 2 C 3 D none of the above 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Which of the following summarizes Kepler’s third law of planetary motion? A Planets spin faster as they get closer to the Sun. B The farther a planet is from the Sun, the longer it takes to complete one orbit. C Planets travel faster when they are closer to the Sun. 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D Planets travel in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e Who discovered the 4 largest moons of Jupiter? A Kepler B Newton C Copernicus D Galileo 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e What is the closest outer planet to the Sun? A Mercury B Jupiter C Mars D Saturn 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e Which of the following consists of a frozen ball of rock? A a comet B an asteroid C a meteor D Mars 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e What is the third planet from the Sun? A Venus B Mars C Earth D Titan 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 2.g What force keeps the Earth orbiting the Sun? A the magnetic field of Earth B the Moon’s gravity C the Sun’s gravity 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D the rotation of Earth on its axis B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Image Bank Image Bank Interactive Table Interactive Table Interactive Table Interactive Table