Download The Simple Present Tense

In Charge (1)
Grammar
The Simple Present Tense
Form
The simple present has the same form as infinitive, but add an (s) for
the third person singular.
I come
you come
he/ she /it comes
The negative is formed with the present tense negative of the verb to
do (do not, does not) + the infinitive (without to).
I don’t come.
You don’t come.
She/he/it doesn’t come.
The interrogative is formed with the present tense interrogative of
the verb to do (do, does) + the infinitive (without to).
Do I come?
Do you come?
Does she/he/it come?
Spelling notes
Verbs ending in ( ss , sh , ch , x , o ) add (es) instead of (s)
alone , to form the third person singular.
Kiss kisses
box boxes
Watch watches
do does
rush rushes
go goes
Verbs ending in (y) following a consonant change the (y) into (i) and
add (es).
Carry carries
hurry hurries
The simple present tense is used
Talk about habitual actions that mostly come with frequency adverbs
(always, often, rarely, sometimes. generally, every day, every year,
usually, occasionally, never).
We always spend our holidays away from home.
These boys often play football on Sunday afternoon.
Taha prays at a neighboring mosque every Friday.
Macro watches sports on TV every night.
Talk about ideas, opinions, and feelings.
Ali doesn’t enjoy soap opera.
His wife thinks he watches too much TV.
Macro likes TV very much.
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Talk about general truth and facts.
We eat to live
The Earth is larger than the moon
Horses run faster than donkeys
The earth moves round the sun.
Talk about future events with timetables and calendars. When we
refer to a journey, travel agent, and TV programs.
We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00.
A new talk show starts next week at 9.00 p.m.
My exams finish on Friday.
The present progressive tense
Form
The present progressive tense is formed with the present tense of the
auxiliary verb to be (am, is, are) + the present participle (infinitive +
ing).
I am working.
You are working.
she/he/it is working.
The negative is formed by putting (not) after the auxiliary.
I’m not working.
You aren’t working.
It is not working.
The interrogative is formed by inverting subject and auxiliary.
Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he working?
Spelling notes
When a verb ends in a single (e), this (e) is dropped before (ing).
Love loving
hate hating
argue arguing
This doesn’t happen when a verb ends in (ee).
Agree agreeing
see seeing
When a verb of one syllable has one vowel (a, e, I, o, u) and ends in a
single consonant, this consonant is doubled before (ing).
Hit hitting
run running
stop stopping
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Verbs of two or more syllables whose last syllable contains only one
vowel and ends in a single consonant double this consonant if the
stress falls on the last syllable.
Begin beginning
prefer preferring
admit admitting
Enter entering (stress is on the first syllable)
(ing) can be added to a verb ending in (y) without affecting the
spelling of the verb.
Carry carrying
hurry hurrying
enjoy enjoying
The present progressive tense is used
1-Talk about an action happening now.
We are studying the present progressive tense.
It is raining now.
What is the baby doing?
Why are you sitting at my desk?
2-Talk about an action happening about this time but not necessarily
at the moment of speaking.
I am reading a play by Show.
He is teaching English and learning French.
3-Talk about planned actions in the future. (Time of the action must
be always mentioned)
I’m meeting Peter tonight.
Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon?
They are working on the farm next week.
Ameen is writing a letter to his uncle tomorrow.
Stative verbs
They are verbs that do not fall under our control (know, forget), that
means we can’t start them nor finish them. For example, you cant
(know) someone and don’t (know) someone whenever you want, or
(forget) and do not (forget) someone whenever you want. These verbs
are not added (ing). To express a continuing action with stative verbs
we use the present simple. They are
Verbs that describe mental activity. (agree, appreciate, believe,
realize, know, perceive, recall, think, understand, remember, trust)
John knows your brother.
Henry understands French.
I believe you are telling the truth.
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Verbs that describe feelings (adore, desire, hate, like, love, prefer,
need, want, wish, value, loathe, fear, detest, feel)
Betty loves swimming, but hates diving.
I like to drink grapefruit juice.
Jenan loves to see her children happy
Verbs that describe appearance (be, seem, look like, appear, consist
of, depend, deserve, equal, matter)
Verbs that show possession (belong, owe, own, posses, have).
Verbs of senses (feel, hear, see, smell, observe)
Some of these verbs, however, may be used in the continuous tense
form, when they have special meanings.
I am seeing (meeting, visiting) Margaret tomorrow.
I am not hearing as well as I used to. 9my sense of hearing is not so good
as it is used to be).
The present perfect tense
The present perfect tense is formed with the present tense of the
auxiliary verb to have (have, has)+the past participle.
I have worked.
They have worked
He/she/it has worked.
The negative is formed by adding (not) to the auxiliary.
I haven’t worked.
You have not worked.
She hasn’t worked
The interrogative is formed by inverting the auxiliary and subject.
Have I worked?
Have they worked?
Has she worked?
The present perfect is used with (just, already, almost, ) a recently
completed action.
He has just gone out. (He went out a few minutes ago).
Mother has almost finished cleaning the house.
Ali has already eaten his lunch.
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The present perfect is used for past actions whose time is not given
and not definite.
I have read the instruction.
Have you had breakfast?
Have you seen my stamps?
The present perfect is used to talk about past actions but still
relevant to the present.
I have seen the wolves in the forest. (it is still possible to see them)
John Smith has written a number of short stories. (John Smith is still
alive and can write more)
It can be used with (lately, recently, never, ever)
There have been a lot of changes recently.
I’ve been very busy lately.
Have you ever seen a wolf? I’ve never seen one.
It is used for an action beginning in the past and still continuing
(since, for).
He has been in the army for two years. (He is still in the army)
I have smoked since I left school (I still smoke).
He has lived here all his life (he still lives here)
It is used with (yet) in the interrogative and negative.
Has the postman come yet?
No, he hasn’t come yet.
It is used for an action, which begins in the past and finishes at the
moment of speaking.
I haven’t seen you for ages (but I see you now)
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months (but we are cleaning it now)
The present perfect progressive tense
Form
This tense is formed by the present perfect of the verb to be (have,
has + been) + the present participle.
I have been working.
He has been working.
Negative is formed by putting (not) after (have, has)
I haven’t been working
he hasn’t been working
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Interrogative is formed by inverting the subject with the auxiliary.
Have I been working?
Has he been working?
The present perfect progressive is used for an action, which began in
the past and is still continuing or has just finished.
I have been waiting for an hour.
John has been serving in the navy for 25 years.
Mary has been practicing the piano for an hour.
The present perfect is often used to tell how many times some one has
done an action (Completion of an action).
The present perfect progressive stresses how long someone has been
doing the action (duration of an action).
The simple past tense
Form
The simple past tense in regular verbs is formed by adding (ed) to the
infinitive.
We played football last Sunday
Fahd came here last night.
The negative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with (didn’t +
infinitive).
We didn’t play football last Sunday
fahd didn’t come here last night.
The interrogative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with (did
+ subject + infinitive).
Did we play football last Sunday?
Did fahd come here last night?
Spelling notes
Verbs of one syllable which contain only one vowel and end in a
single consonant double this consonant before adding (ed).
Stop stopped
admit admitted
travel traveled
Verbs ending in (y) following a consonant change (y) into (i) before
adding (ed).
Carry carried
obey obeyed
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We use the simple past tense to talk about actions that started and
finished at a specific time in the past time.
I sent a letter to my friend last month.
He shouted in the middle of the concert yesterday.
They finished the building a year ago.
In his younger days father always walk to the office.
The past progressive tense
The past progressive tense is formed by the past tense of the verb to
be (was, were)+ the present participle.
I was working.
You were working.
They were working.
The negative is formed by putting (not) after the auxiliary.
I wasn’t working
you weren’t working
they were not working
The interrogative is formed by inverting the subject with the
auxiliary.
Was I working?
Were you working?
Were they working?
The past progressive tense is used to
Talk about an action that was going on during a certain time in the
past.
My children were playing in the garden.
I was reading all day yesterday.
She was cooking the lunch.
It is often used to indicate that an action was going on at a time when
something else more important happened. The new action is
expressed by the simple past tense.
While we were playing, the school bell rang.
As I was having breakfast, the postman knocked at the door.
The referee blew the whistle as we were watching the match.
I was having a bath when the telephone rang.
Peter caught the train just as it was leaving.
(When) is usually followed by the simple form of the form, (while, as)
is followed by a progressive form of the verb.
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The past perfect tense
Form
This tense is formed with (had) + the past participle.
He had worked.
They had worked
The negative form is formed by putting (not) after the auxiliary.
He hadn’t worked.
They had not worked.
The interrogative is formed by inverting the subject with the
auxiliary.
Had he worked?
Had they worked?
This tense is used to talk about an action that finished by a certain
time in the past or before the time of the occurrence of another
action.
Ali had learned English before he came to London.
When we got to the field the football match had already started.
I didn’t go to the cinema because I had already seen the film.
He refused to go till he had seen all the papers.
Simple future
Future actions can be expressed by different tenses (simple present,
present progressive, going to, will).
(Simple present and present progressive)
To express a future arrangement we use these two tenses. These two
forms keep their original characteristics of temporary and
permanent time.
(1) The children go back to school on the first Monday in September.
(The fist Monday in September is the day, which has been fixed by the
authority. It is the regular day).
Our children are going back on 8th September.
(We see that the speaker’s arrangement is for his own children only, and
that it is for one occasion only. It is not permanent, but a temporary
arrangement for this once only, an interruption of routine)
(2) The train for Scotland leaves at 10 a.m. on Saturday.
(The 10 a.m. train runs every Saturday and so the speaker implies that
next Saturday will be no exception).
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It is leaving at 10.10 a.m. next Saturday.
(The 10a.m. Saturday train ten minutes later than usual. Again there is
exception from normal routine for a temporary period.)
We use the simple present tense for speaking of future events when
we assume that what has always happened in the past and happens
now will also happen in the future as part of a repeated regular
routine when we have certain knowledge that according to a program
an event or action must be repeated at a future time.
When we have present knowledge of an arrangement for the future
we use the present progressive to express it when (1) the arrangement
is for a short temporary period or for an occasion only after which
normal routine is resumed, and (2) when the arrangement is an
exception from normal routine.
(Going to)
It is used to express an intention or strong probability in the future.
I am going to write to Margaret this evening. (Intention)
I think it is going to rain. (Probability)
(Will)
We use this form to express willingness, promise, determination or
definite belief in the future.
I will learn English however difficult it is at first. (Willingness)
You will have a new bicycle if you do well at school. (Promise)
That man is a traitor to his country and he will die. (Determination)
I believe that digital filmmaking will be very common in fifty years. (Belief)
Gerund
Gerunds are the (ing) form of the verbs used as noun. They can be
the subject of the sentence, object of verb, or object of preposition.
They can also be used in the negative.
Reading is useful. (Subject of the sentence)
I like reading newspapers. (Object of the verb)
They are fond of walking. (Object of preposition)
I hate not having a hot bath. (Negative)
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Verbs that are followed by gerund are (have a look at page 166 in
Charge 1 )
Verbs that are followed by infinitive are (have a look at page 166 in
Charge 1)
Verbs that are followed by gerund or infinitive are (have a look at
page 166 in Charge 1)
Gerunds and infinitives and their meanings
We use gerund to convey a real, clear, or fulfilled action. We use the
infinitive to convey a future or unfulfilled action.
I remember answering your letter. (That I answered)
I remember to answer letters. (I never forget)
They stop to talk to us. (stopped in order to talk)
They stopped talking. (they become silent)
They forgot to visit us. (they didn’t come to us)
They had forgotten visiting us. (they had forgotten that they visited)
Try sleeping without a pillow. (as an experiment)
Try to work without making too much noise. (make the necessary effort)
We can begin sentences with a gerund or use (it’s + adjective +
infinitive) as the subject of the sentence.
Resolving problems in a collaborative manner is an essential skill.
It’s essential to resolve problems in a collaborative manner.
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
It’s easier to read French than speaking it.
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The passive voice
The passive voice is used in English language when it is more
convenient or interesting to stress thing done than the doer of it, or
when the doer is not known.
The passive voice is formed with one of the auxiliaries and the past
participle.
Simple present tense
We keep the butter here.
The butter is kept here.
Men make bicycles in England.
Bicycles are made in England.
She brings me a cup of tea at eleven o’clock.
I am brought a cup of tea at eleven o’clock.
Simple past tense
They broke the window.
The window was broken.
They built these houses two hundred years ago.
These houses were built two hundred years ago.
Siham wrote three letters.
Three letters were written.
Model auxiliaries
You must shut these doors.
These doors must be shut.
You ought to open the window.
The window ought to be opened.
They should have told him.
He should have been told.
The lady may sell the house.
The house may be sold.
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You ought to wash your face every morning.
Your face ought to be washed every morning.
She will tell him all the secrets.
All the secrets will be told to him.
Present progressive
They are repairing the bridge.
The bridge is being repaired.
The professor is giving a lecture.
A lecture is being given.
They are investigating the cause of the explosion in the factory.
The cause of the explosion in the factory is being investigated.
They are playing many games.
Many games are being played.
Past progressive
They were looking at these suspicious circumstances.
These circumstances were being looked at.
The clerk was taking down every word I said
Every word I said was being taken down.
She was telling a story.
A story was being told.
Present perfect
Huda has finished the exam.
The exam has been finished.
Someone has broken into the bank.
The bank has been broken into.
People have seen wolves in the street.
Wolves have been seen in the street.
Past perfect
The police had caught the thieves.
The thieves had been caught.
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She had written a story.
A story had been written.
Preposition with passive voice
Smoke filled the room.
The room was filled with smoke.
Paint covered the lock.
The lock was covered with paint.
We must write to him.
He must be written to.
You can play with these cups quite safely.
These cups can be played with quite safely.
He looked after the children well.
The children were well looked after.
We saw them go out.
They were seen to go out.
He made us work.
We were made to work.
They let us go.
We were let go.
Passive with indirect object
Peter sent Mary a dozen roses
A dozen roses were sent to Mary.
Mary was sent a dozen roses.
Grandmother told the children a story.
A story was told to the children.
The children were told a story.
They will give her a teapot.
A teapot will be given to her.
He will be given a teapot.
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Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main
clause.
If it rains I shall stay at home.
(If it rains) is the if-clause, and (I shall stay at home) is the main
clause.
There are three kinds of conditional sentences. Each kind contains a
different pair of tenses.
Conditional sentence type (1)
The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main
clause is in the future tense. It doesn’t matter which comes first.
If he runs, he’ll get there in time.
He’ll get there in time if he runs.
The first conditional sentences talk about situations that are real or
possible in the present or the future.
The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.
If we win a trip, where will we go?
I won’t go to Brazil if we don’t go up the Amazon.
They will go to the zoo tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
If he remembers, Peter will telephone this evening.
Possible variation of the basic form.
If the player answers right, he gets the prize. (cause and effect relationship).
If the fogs get thicker, the plane may/might be diverted (perhaps the plane
will be diverted).
If it stops raining, we can go out (permission or ability).
If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread (command)
If you want to lose weight, you’d better eat less bread (advice}
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Conditional sentences type (2)
The verb in the if-clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main
clause is in the conditional tense. The second conditional sentences
talk about situations that are unreal or improbable in the present or
future.
If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Put I haven’t a map)
If I lived near my office, I’d be in time for work. (I don’t live near my
office)
If a burglar came into my room at night, I’d throw something at him.
(But I don’t expect a burglar to come in)
If I were you, I’d plant some trees round the house (but I’m not you)
(The past tense of the auxiliary verb (to be) with the second conditional
sentences is always (were).
If I dyed my hair blue, everyone would laugh at me (but I don’t intend to
dye it)
Conditional sentences type (3)
The verb in the if-clause is in the past perfect tense; the verb in the
main clause is in the perfect conditional. The time is past and the
condition cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause didn’t
happen.
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the
airport. (But I didn’t know, so I didn’t come)
If you had posted the letter, mother would have received it last Monday
(but you didn’t post it and she didn’t received it)
If they had sent for a doctor, perhaps the patient would not have died (but
they didn’t sent for the doctor and the patient died).
Other expressions with conditionals
(Unless) if…not
I’ll go swimming tomorrow if it isn’t cold.
I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless it is cold
You’ll get hungry during class if you don’t eat breakfast.
You’ll get hungry during class unless you eat breakfast.
If I don’t get some film, I want be able to take pictures.
Unless I get some film, I want be able to take pictures.
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(just) in case (that) and in the event (that)
I’ll be at my uncle’s house, in case you need to reach me.
In the event that you need to reach me, I’ll be at my uncle’s house.
You can call me, in case you need more information.
In the event that you need more information, you can call me.
I can recommend a good hairdresser, (just) in case you want to cut your hair.
In the event that you want to cut your hair, I can recommend a good
hairdresser.
In case that and in the event that express the idea that something
won’t happen, but it might.
In case of trouble, call the police.
In case there’s trouble, call the police.
In the event of rain, the picnic will be cancelled.
In the event it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.
In the case that and in the event that introduce adverb clause. In case
of and in the event of have the same meaning, but they are
prepositions followed by a noun object.
Only if
The picnic will be cancelled only if it rains
If it’s windy, we’ll go on the picnic.
If it’s cold, we’ll go on the picnic.
Only if express the idea that there’s only one condition that will cause
a particular result.
Only if it rains will the picnic be cancelled.
Only if I see dramatic results will I stay on this horrible diet.
When only if begins a sentence, the subject and verb of the main
clause are inverted.
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Adjective clauses
Adjective clauses are called relative clauses, they are two kinds
defining and non-defining.
Defining relative clauses
These describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it
from other nouns of the same class. A clause of this kind is essential
to the clear understanding of the noun.
The man who told me this refused to give me his name.
(Who told me this) is the relative clause. If we omit this, it is not clear
what man we are talking about. Notice there is no comma between a
noun and a defining relative clause.
Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses
These relative vary slightly according to whether they refer to
persons or things and according to whether they are subject or object
of a verb or in the possessive case. They do not vary for singular or
plural or masculine or feminine.
Defining relative clauses
(Persons)
Subject: who or that
The man who robbed you has been arrested.
The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters.
The book is about a man who deserts his wife.
That is much less usual than who except after superlatives and after
all, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody etc., when either
who or that can be used.
He was the best king who/that ever sat on the throne.
All who/that heard him were delighted.
Object of a verb: whom or who or that
The man whom I saw told me to come back tomorrow.
The man who I saw…
The man that I saw…
The man I saw…
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The object form is whom, but this considered very formal and
seldom used in spoken English. Instead of whom, therefore, in spoken
English we use (who or that) and it is still more common to omit the
object pronoun altogether.
Possessive: whose is the only possible form
People whose rents have been raised can appeal.
The man whose wallet was stolen called the police
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
(Things)
Subject: either which or that, which is more formal.
This is the picture which/that caused such a sensation.
The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
The towel which/that you give me wasn’t very clean.
Papers which/that contain important information must be locked up.
Object: which or that or no relative at all.
The car which/that I hired caused such a sensation.
The car I hired caused such a sensation.
The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good.
Possessive: whose
Living in a house whose walls were made of glass would be horrible.
Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable.
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns, which are
definite already. They do not therefore define the noun, but merely
add something to it by giving some more information about it. They
can be omitted without causing confusion and separated from their
nouns by commas. The pronoun can never be omitted in a nondefining relative clause. The construction is fairly formal.
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(Persons)
Subject: who no other pronoun is possible.
My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year.
Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.
Object: whom, who. The pronoun can’t be omitted.
Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.
A gentleman, whom I had never seen before, smiled at me.
My doctor, from whom I have few secrets, is a close friend of mine.
Possessive: whose
Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
Mr. Black, whose opinion I value, told me to look for a new job.
Mary, whose father and mine are brothers, looks like my younger sister.
(Things)
Subject: which. That is not used here.
That tower block, which cost 5 million to build, has been empty for five years.
The following month, which began wet and cold, was the hottest for ten years.
Object: which. That is not used here.
She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.
These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all
the information you need.
Possessive: whose
His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.
The car, whose handbrake wasn’t very reliable, began to slide
backward.
Phrasal verbs
The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and preposition, which
together have a special meaning. For example, put + off (postpone),
call up (telephone), call on (visit), put off (delay). Sometimes phrasal
verbs consist of three parts. For example, put up with (tolerate), look
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up to (admire), get rid of (remove). Phrasal verbs are also called twoword verbs or three-word verbs.
Separable phrasal verbs
In separable phrasal verbs, a noun may come either between the verb
and the preposition or after the preposition. A pronoun comes
between the verb and the preposition if the phrasal verb is separable.
I handed my paper in yesterday.
I handed in my paper yesterday.
I handed it in yesterday.
Mary turned down John.
Mary turned John down.
Mary turned him down.
Non-separable phrasal verbs, a noun or pronoun must follow must
follow the preposition.
I ran into an old friend yesterday.
I ran into her yesterday.
John takes after his father in character.
John takes after him in character.
Some non-separable phrasal verbs.
Call on (ask to peak in the class, visit)
Catch up with (reach the same level or position)
Check in (register at the hotel)
Check into (investigate)
Check out of (leave a hotel)
Come across (meet by chance)
Drop by (visit informally)
Drop out: stop going to a place
Get along: exist satisfactorily
Get in: enter a car
Get off: leave an airplane, bus, train
Get out of: leave a car
Get over: recover from an illness
Get through: finish
Get up: arise from bed
Go over: review or check carefully
Grow up: become an adult
Keep up: stay at the same position or level
Look after: take care of
Look into: investigate
Look out: be careful
Pass a way: die
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Show up: appear, come
Take after: resemble
Run into: meet by chance
Run out: finish a supply of something
Articles
The Definite Article (the)
The definite article is used
1- Talking about a specific person, place or thing. It is used with
count and non-count nouns, singular and plural nouns
Have you hooked up the scanner? (we know which scanner)
No, it’s still in one of the boxes. (we know which boxes)
I see the progress.
I have got a car and a motorcycle. The car is second-hand and the
motorcycle is brand new.
2- with nouns, which are unique
The sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the north pole, the weather
3- with the names of the rivers (the Amazon) seas (the
Mediterranean) oceans (the Atlantic) mountain range (the Andes)
deserts (the Sahara), and with countries when they include words
such as state, kingdom, republic (the United Kingdom)
4- before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or
clause.
The boy that I met
The girl in blue
The place where I met him
The man on the donkey
5- before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only
one particular thing.
Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house)
He sent for the doctor (his own doctor)
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6- with the names of musical instruments and dances (the guitar,
the foxtrot, the waltz), with titles (the princess, the Prime Minister),
with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative forms (he is the most
successful businessman I know) with historical periods/events (the
Ice Age, the Vietnam War, but world war 11)
7- the + singular noun can represent a class of animals or things.
The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.
8- the + adjective represent a class of persons
The old (old people in general)
The strong (strong people in general)
The young are impatient
The indefinite article
The indefinite article is (a) or (an). The form (a) is used before
a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel sounded like a
consonant
A man
a table
a university
a useful thing
The form (an) is used before words beginning with a vowel (a,
e, I, o, u) or words beginning with a mute (h).
An hour
an elephant
an apple
The indefinite article is used
Before a singular noun which is countable when it is
mentioned for the first time and represent no particular person or
thing.
I need a holiday
There is a policeman at the door
They live in a bungalow
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We don’t use an indefinite article when we take about plural and
non-count nouns.
There are scanners in the lab.
I see progress
Names of professions
He is a doctor
She is a teacher
He became an actor
In certain numerical expressions
A couple
a dozen
half a dozen
an eighth
a score
a hundred
a thousand a million
a lot of
A great deal of
a quarter
a great many
In expression of price, speed, ratio
5p a kilo
sixty kilometers an hour
10p a dozen
four times a day
In exclamation before a singular countable noun.
What a hot day!
What a pretty girl!
Such a pity!
The indefinite article is not used with uncountable nouns
Advice
information news baggage furniture
The future progressive tense
This tense is made up of the future tense of to be + the present
participle.
I will be working
Negative: I will not be working
Interrogative: will I be working?
The future progressive tense is used for an action, which will be in
progress at a definite time in the future.
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I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying
when you come.
Right now I’m sitting in class. At this time tomorrow, I will be sitting in
class
This time next week we will be packing for our holiday.
The future perfect tense
This tense is formed by will + perfect infinitive
By the next month he will have been here for ten years
This tense is used for an action, which at a given future time
will be in the past, or will just have finished.
I save 50 dollars a month and I started in January. So by the end of the
year I will have saved 600 dollars.
I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the next time, I see
you, I will have graduated.
Omitting If in conditional sentences
When we are talking about unreal or hypothetical situation, we use
the conditional. For emphasis we can omit the (if) and invert the
subject and auxiliary verb
Type (1)
-
If Robert invites you on the safari, you will need to buy a lot of equipments.
Should Robert invite you on the safari, you will need to buy a lot of
equipments.
-
If you go on a boat tour of the Amazon, don’t forget your mosquito
repellent.
Should you go on a boat tour of the Amazon, don’t forget your mosquito
repellent
-
If you go on a camping trip, you will need water purification tablets.
Should you go on a camping trip, you will need water purification tablets.
Type (2)
-
If I were rich, I would go on a world tour.
Were I rich, I would go on a world tour.
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-
If John were here, he would explain the whole matter.
Were john here, he would explain the whole matter.
Type (3)
If Carrie hadn’t lost her flight to Tokyo, she wouldn’t have had to wait 14 hours
Had Carrie not lost her flight to Tokyo, she wouldn’t have had to wait 14 hours
If Nicole had trained more, she wouldn’t have won
Had Nicole trained more, she wouldn’t have won
Wish/If only
Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different, to be
exactly the opposite.
Wishes about the future
She will not tell me.
She can’t come tomorrow.
He isn’t going to be here.
I wish/if only she would tell me.
I wish/if only she could come tomorrow.
I wish/if only he were going to be here
Wishes about present
I don’t know French.
It is raining right now.
The air is polluted.
I can’t speak Japanese.
I wish/if only I knew French.
I wish/if only it weren’t raining right now.
I wish/if only the air were not polluted.
I wish/if only I could speak Japanese.
Wishes about the past
John didn’t come.
I wish/if only John had come.
Mary couldn’t come.
I wish/if only Mary could have come
I couldn’t speak French when I went to France. I wish/if only I could have
spoken French.
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Reported speech
Statement in indirect speech
Present simple becomes past simple
“I play the guitar quit well.”
He said he played the guitar quit well.
“I’m thirsty.”
He said he was thirsty.
“I never eat meat.”
He said he never ate meat.
Present continuous becomes past continuous.
“I’m learning French.”
He said he was learning French.
“I’m waiting for Ann.”
He said he was waiting for Ann.
“He is sleeping.”
He said to me he was waiting to me.
Present perfect becomes past perfect
“I have already watered the flowers.”
He said that he had already watered the flowers.
“I have found a flat.”
He said he had found a flat.
“I’ve washed the car.”
He said he had washed the car.
Past simple becomes past perfect
“I took it home with me.”
He said that he had taken it home with him.
“I won the chess tournament.”
He said that he had won the chess tournament.
“I played football.”
He said he had played football.
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Future simple (will) becomes conditional (would)
“I will do the shopping.”
He said he would do the shopping.
“I can cook very well.”
He said he could cook very well.
“You must write an essay.”
He said I had to write an essay.
Questions in indirect speech.
“Where is the station?”
He asked where the station was.
“Where does she live?”
He asked where she lived.
“What have you got in your bag?”
He asked me what I had got in my bag.
“Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
He asked her why she hadn’t put on the brake.
“What do you want?”
He asked them what they wanted.
“Is anyone there?”
He asked if/whether anyone was there.
“Did you see the accident?”
The policeman asked if/whether I had seen the accident.
“Do you know Bill?”
He asked if/whether I knew Bill.
“Lie down, Tom.”
He told Tom to lie down
Get your coat, Tom!”
He told Tom to get his coat.
Certain words and time expression change as follows
Now then
Yesterday
today that day
the previous day
tonight
two days ago
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that night
two days before
Last month
the previous month
Tomorrow the next day
this week that week
next month
Here there
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the following month
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