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WORD ORDER Word order in English is basically always the same: (Adjunct time) subject verb indirect object direct object (adjunct place) (adjunct time) (bep. Van tijd) onder- werk- meewerkend lijdend voor- (bep. van plaats) (bep. van tijd) werp woord voorwerp werp 1 2 3 4 Yesterday Tomorrow Father Father Father Father father Father father Father gives gives his son gives his son gives his son gave his son gave his son will give his son will give his son pocket money pocket money pocket money pocket money pocket money pocket money in the kitchen in the kitchen in the kitchen in the kitchen in the kitchen yesterday tomorrow Father can give his son pocket money in the kitchen. Father is going to give his son pocket money in the kitchen. Mind ! 1. In English the subject ( onderwerp) is always in front of the verb ( gezegde), except in a question. Will father give his son pocket money in the kitchen ? 2. The verbs are always as closely together as possible Father will give his son pocket money. Father is going to give his son pocket money. 3. Adjunct of time can either be at the front of the sentence or at the end. In front it has more emphasis. Tomorrow father will give his son pocket money. If both the adjuncts of place and time are at the back (e.g. in questions), Then it is always place before time ( p before t), as in the alphabet. Was he at school today ? My parents went to Britain last summer. 4. When the indirect object ( meewerkend voorwerp) is not in front of the direct object (lijdend vwp), you insert the preposition ‘to’ in front of the indirect object. The boy gives his mother flowers. She has given me a book. 5. - The boy gives flowers to his mother. she has given a book to me. The position of the adverbs of frequency ( adverbs that say : how often) : Adverbs are : always - ever - never - sometimes - often - usually - frequently - seldom - rarely - already : These adverbs have a fixed position in an English sentence: A. There is only one (1)verb in the sentence. The adverb is always between the subject and the verb. My sister works in a hospital. They swim in the river. DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE - HELMOND She never works in a hospital. They always swim in the river. Page 1 B. There are two or more verbs in the sentence : The boy must drink a cup of coffee. - The boy must always drink a cup of coffee. She should have come home. - She should never have come home. The pupil has done his homework. - The pupil has already done his homework. C. If there is a form of the verb to be ( am – are – is – was – were), the adverb is always after the form of to be: We are late. They were ill. D. - We are often late. They were rarely ill in summer. In questions the adverb is always after the subject: Do you always do your homework in front of the telly ? Have you ever been to Turkey ? ADJECTIVES (=bijvoeglijk naamwoorden) AND ADVERBS ( = bijwoorden) Adjectives give information about nouns (= zelfstandig naamwoord): Mr Johnson is a good teacher. Billy Turf is a terrible student. Manchester United are a good team. Miss Lovesick is a sweet girl. A silver bracelet. The following linking verbs ( = koppelwerkwoorden) are always followed by an adjective: am – are – is – was – were – become – seem – get (= worden) – turn ( = worden) This baby is nice, she never cries. The weather turns cold in autumn. The waves are too high to go sailing today. Adverbs tell you something about a verb ( how it happens ) or they tell you about an adjective, or another adverb. To form an adverb you take an adjective and write ‘-ly ‘ behind it. The teacher speaks softly. The students can speak English perfectly. Our headmaster sings terribly in the bathroom. In fact, he is a terribly bad singer. She sings terribly well. Mind the spelling of the following words: Happy happily Easy easily Possible possibly Simple simply Whole wholly Exceptions to the rule ! Good Fast Straight Loud - Hard ( moeilijk) Hardly ( nauwelijks) DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE well ( the only irregular one !)She sings well. fast He drives fast. straight the drunk man could not walk straight anymore. loud This loud music is turned on loud. hard The boys were working hard. hardly The boys were working hardly. HELMOND Page 2 The following verbs take an adjective instead of an adverb : To sound To taste To look To smell To feel But: This song sounds good. This cake tastes delicious. That picture looks good to me. Garlic smells good in Italian food. I feel good ( I am in a good mood) I feel well ( I feel very healthy). POSITION OF ADVERBS: 1. As a rule they are positioned in front of the word they say something about. Studying will be terrifically good fun. She was terribly good at maths. They were well instructed by their teacher. She is my lawfully married wife. 2. When at the end of a sentence they get extra emphasis. Someone else can hear you clearly. She did it quite successfully. “There is plenty of room”, Alice said indignantly. “It was not very polite of you to call him a liar”, he said angrily. 3. When at the beginning of the sentence adverbs voice your opinion. Fortunately, we haven’t seen much of this thief lately. Actually, we are not very fond of toffees. DEGREES OF COMPARISON ( TRAPPEN VAN VERGELIJKING). The degrees of comparison are made from adjectives. There are three forms the positive ( = stellende), the comparative ( = vergrotende) and the superlative ( = overtreffende). There are four different catagories : 1. Adjectives of 1 ( one ) syllable ( = lettergreep ). They all end in –er, -est. Fast Hard Small Big Hot Sad Nice 2. faster harder smaller bigger hotter sadder nicer - fastest hardest smallest biggest ( spelling !) hottest saddest nicest Adjectives of 3 ( three) or more syllables. They all go with : more --, most -- . Famous Beautiful Expensive Jealous 3. - - more famous more beautiful more expensive more jealous - most famous most beautiful most expensive most jealous Adjectives of 2 ( two ) syllables go either with –er, --est or with more --, most –. A. Adjectives of two syllables with stress on last syllable go with –er, --est ; Po’lite Se’vere DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE - politer severer HELMOND - politest severest Page 3 B. Adjectives of 2 ( two ) syllables with stress on first syllable go with more -, most -- . ‘awful - more awful - most awful Unfortunately there are some exceptions to the rule. The following words all have the stress on the first syllable, but they still take --er, --est endings. ‘noble ‘clever ‘narrow ‘easy ‘handsome - nobler cleverer narrower easier handsomer - noblest cleverest narrowest easiest handsomest ( spelling !) In other words, words of two syllables ending in : --le, --er, --ow, --y, --some, take the –er, --est ending in comparative and superlative. Note : derived forms go the same as the basic word. e.g.: impolite - impoliter - impolitest And, of course, there always are some irregular ones. Some are : Good Bad Much ( sg ) More ( pl ) Little - better worse more more less - best worst most most least Some examples of the above rules : Sheila has got a short pencil. Robert has got a shorter pencil. But my pencil is the shortest. An Aston Martin is a famous car. It is more famous than a Ferrari. A Rolls Royce is the most famous of them all. Note : after the comparative we write than with an a ! This is not to be confused with then which means ‘toen, dan’ ( adverb of time ) Comparisons with as ….. as, and not as ….. as ( or: not so .. as ) It is as easy as ABC. John is not as tall as the Eiffel tower. A Fiat 500 is not so big as a DAF lorry. Some expressions that come in handy. Bruce Springsteen is more famous than Madonna, he is even more famous than David Bowie. The sooner, the better hoe eerder, des te beter The more you earn, the richer you get. hoe meer je verdient, des te rijker je wordt. DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE HELMOND Page 4 PRONOUNS Personal pronoun ( persoonlijk voornaamwoord) and possessive pronoun ( bezittelijk voornaamwoord ) and reflexive pronoun ( wederkerend voornaamwoord). I you he she it me you him her it my your his her its mine yours his hers its myself yourself himself herself itself we you they us you them our your their ours yours theirs ourselves yourselves themselves subject (in)direct object possessive pronoun 1 possessive pronoun 2 reflexive pronoun Note : you may mean : jij - je - jou - jullie - U ! ! ! It is used for everything non-human, so for things and animals, etc. When your pet animal is referred to you may use ‘he’ and ‘she’. INDIRECT OBJECT AND DIRECT OBJECT. I see him. Where are my trousers, I cannot find them anywhere. ( !! ) Roger likes us all. It rains, my dog likes it. He told me a nice story. He gave her flowers on her birthday. I collected books for them. I will give the book to her. There are two different forms of the possessive pronoun ( 1 and 2 ). Possessive pronoun 1 is always followed by a noun ( zelfstandig naamwoord). Possessive pronoun 2 is never followed by a noun. This is my ( 1 ) book. That is her ( 1 ) bike. This is his ( 1 ) table. DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE The book is mine ( 2 ). The bike is hers ( 2 ). The table is his ( 2 ). Het boek is van mij. De fiets is van haar. De tafel is van hem. He is a friend of mine. They are friends of his. Hij is een vriend van mij. Zij zijn vrienden van hem. HELMOND Page 5 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN ( AANWIJZEND VOORNAMWOORD) this these close by (dichtbij) that those far away ( ver weg) singular plural This ball That ball This woman That man these balls those balls these women those men are these your balls ? are those your balls ? Is this the woman you saw in the street ? Are those the new men in your team ? INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ( VRAGEND VOORNAAMWOORD ) Who : What : Which : When : How Where : : Why : Whose : asks for persons. Who knows the answer? Father does. asks for animals and things, What do you want to know? -unlimited choice. Your address. asks for people, animals and Which of you knows the things, limited choice ! answer? – My cousin does. Which book is yours ? – The black one. asks for time. When will he come home ? – Tomorrow at 8 o’clock. asks in what way How did he do that sum ? asks for place Where does the Queen live ? In a palace in The Hague. asks for a reason Why is he always late for school ? – He always oversleeps. asks for a person’s possessions Whose coat is this ? – It’s mine. RELATIVE PRONOUN ( betrekkelijk voornaamwoord ) Relative pronouns relate to or refer to words that have been mentioned before, the so called ‘antecedent’. Relative pronouns always open a sub clause ( bijzin) . With persons you may use WHO. The man, who walks there, is my uncle. Mind the use of commas ! ! ‘The spy, who came in from the cold’, is a novel. Do you know the woman I was talking to at the post office. ( this sentence should be : Do you know the woman, to whom I was talking at the post office. In English we do not want a preposition in front of the relative pronoun, so we place the preposition where it belongs; with the verb. We skip the relative pronoun and the comma ! DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE HELMOND Page 6 When can we skip the relative pronoun ? In all cases in which it is not the subject of the sub clause. The man, whom I met in the park, is my grandpa. >>> The man I met in the park, is my grandpa. With things and animals you use WHICH : The blue bike, which is parked near our school, is hers. Mind the commas !! The house, in which we live, is old. >>> The house we live in, is old. With persons, things and animals you can also use THAT , but only when the information is necessary to understand the sentence. In other words the sub clause cannot be left out. In Dutch as well as in English we do not use commas. He is the only man …. ???? but; He is the only man that can solve this problem. A dog is a pet that barks. A cow is an animal that eats grass. Mind : He is the only man that we know in here. >> He is the only man we know in here. Which may also refer to an entire sentence. The boy left the party early, which surprised me. The teacher saw a pupil acting in a very funny way, which he did not like much. SOME and ANY SOME can only be used when the sentence is not a question or when there is no negation ( not – never – hardly, etc. ). There is some milk in the fridge. I can see some birds in the sky. Question ( ? ) Answer >>>>>>> >>>>>>> any ? Yes ( + ) ………….. some No ( - ) ………… . any Never ( - ) ……….. any Hardly ( - ) ……….. any Are there any books on your table ? Yes, there are some books on my table. No, there are not any books on my table. Have they got any coffee ? Yes, they have got some coffee. No, they have not got any coffee. This holds for words that are formed with some and any as well. Somebody anybody Someone anyone Somewhere anywhere Something anything We cannot see anybody in this fog. There is someone at the door. You are kidding, there is not anybody there. The shopkeeper cannot find his watch anywhere. Cannot the police find anything ? Can you hear anything ? DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE HELMOND Page 7 Sentences that start with ‘if’ should also have any. If we leave it any longer, Halloween will be over. If you have any questions to ask, feel free to do so ! If you expect a positive answer ( yes ) to your question, you may use some exceptionally. “Butcher, have you got some beef for me ?” - “Certainly, Sir, how much would you like ?” MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW much many veel little few weinig singular plural There is much milk and there are many eggs. She drinks very little wine. My brother has got very few friends. How much money have you got ? How many books have you read ? A LOT OF : can be used with the singular as well as the plural. A lot of pupils were at the school party. They are having a lot of fun. It rained a lot last night. BUT : If the sentence is negative ( not, etc) or a question ( ? ) then you should use MUCH and Many only. The children did not have much fun at the circus. Are there many pencils in your schoolbag ? She said that she did not like my shirt very much. A little and a few mean in Dutch: EEN BEETJE, EEN PAAR…. My mother gave me a little money extra. ( een beetje ) He had a few drinks too many last night. ( een paar ) CARDINALS, ORDINALS, DAYS, MONTHS, DATES. Cardinals 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 HELMOND twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one / a hundred Page 8 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine 31 42 53 64 75 86 97 98 99 thirty-one forty-two fifty-three sixty-four seventy-five eighty-six ninety-seven ninety-eight ninety-nine MIND! Between the tens and the units there should be a hyphen ( - ) 122 one hundred and twenty-two 243 two hundred and forty-three Mind ! Between the hundreds and 555 five hundred and fifty-five tens there should be ‘and’ ! ! 1000 one thousand 2011 two thousand and eleven 1666 one thousand six hundred and sixty-six Mind! No and between thousands 1,000,000 one million and hundreds! 1,000,000,000 one billion Note ! Numbers consisting of thousands and millions etc. , the English use a comma ( , ). So one million two hundred and fifty thousand six hundred and sixty-four = 1,250,664. On the other hand between units and decimals the English write dots ( . ) So, five and five tenths = 5.5 Ordinals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 1e 2e 3e 4e 5e 6e 7e 8e 9e 10e first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth 20e 30e 40e 50e 60e 70e 80e 90e 100e twentieth 20th thirtieth 30th fortieth 40th fiftieth 50th sixtieth 60th seventieth 70th eightieth 80th ninetieth 90th one hundredth DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE 100th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 11e 12e 13e 14e 15e 16e 17e 18e 19e 20e eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth 21e 32e 43e 54e 65e 76e 87e 98e 109e twenty-first 21st thirty-second 22nd forty-third 43rd fifty-fourth 54th sixty-fifth 65th seventy-sixth 76th eighty-seventh 87th ninety-eighth 98th one hundred and ninth HELMOND 109th Page 9 As you may observe only the last number changes into an ordinal. So : 126e one hundred and twenty-sixth 381e three hundred and eighty-first 1,000e one thousandth 2,000,000e two millionth 5892e five thousand eight hundred and ninety-second 126th 381st 1,000th 2,000,000th 5892nd MONTHS AND DAYS AND DATES January February March April May June July August September October November December Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday The names of the months and days are written with a Capital ! Dates In English we always write a date with an ordinal. You may write dates in four different ways : 31 March, 2011 31st March, 2011 March 31, 2011 March 31st , 2011 You always say : the thirty-first of March two thousand eleven Note : The Americans usually write the month first and then the day, so March 31, 2011 PLURALS OF THE NOUNS 1. GENERAL RULE. You put an /s/ behind the noun. One dog One hand One boy One camera One photo DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE two dogs five hands ten boys two cameras one hundred photos HELMOND Page 10 EXCEPTIONS a. Words that end in an s or an s-sound ( -sh, -ch, -x ). They always take –es : one bus one glass one dish one box one match one fox b. Words that end in –y 1. if a vowel ( a, o, e, u ) precedes the –y, then the –y does not change. One day One key One boy One guy 2. d. two days five keys thirty boys eight guys If a consonant precedes the –y, then the –y ending changes into –ie. One baby One lady One cherry One secretary c. two buses ( also : busses ) five glasses three dishes six boxes twenty matches four foxes two babies five ladies twenty cherries three secretaries The following words, ending in F or FE change in the plural into –ves. Singular plural Calf Scarf Shelf Life Knife Wife Loaf Leaf Thief Wolf calves scarves shelves lives knives wives loaves leaves thieves wolves Irregular forms : man woman child foot goose tooth mouse louse ox sheep deer potato tomato negro hero men women children feet geese teeth mice lice oxen sheep deer potatoes tomatoes negroes heroes DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE ( mind : fireman firemen, etc. ) HELMOND Page 11 THE GERUND ( a verb ending in --ing ) For the time being we will discuss two forms of the verb ending in –ing. a. The continuous ( see part 2 of this grammar ) The continuous is formed by using a form of the verb ‘to be’ ( am – are – is – was – were – will be, etc. ) plus a verb ending in –ing. The boy is working hard in school. These farmers are milking the cows. That woman was doing the dishes. We will all be writing letters to our pen pals. b. When the verb is used as a noun ( and thus: as a subject ) you use a verb ending in –ing, but without a form of the verb to be. Cycling is good for your health. Smoking is bad for your health. Swimming will do you the world of good. c. After prepositions ( in, at, for, etc. ). Mostly in fixed expressions or verbs with fixed prepositions. He is very much interested in playing the guitar. Are you any good at cheating during a test ? Thank you for listening to me. d. After the following verbs ( there are more, but these are the most important) to start to begin to like to love to enjoy to finish to end / to stop to hate It started snowing when we left for Amsterdam. When he began talking, he could not stop anymore. We finished doing our homework and watched some tv. The boys stopped fighting when their fathers came running on. We all like going to school very much after the summer holidays. These pupils enjoy reading so much they read all books in the library. ________________ For those who have a fine-tuned feeling for languages. What is the difference between the following sentences: We like doing homework all year round. We like to do homework tonight. PART TWO IS ALL ABOUT VERBS AND AUXILIARIES ! ! DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE HELMOND Page 12