Download possessive pronoun

WORD ORDER
Word order in English is basically always the same:
(Adjunct time) subject verb indirect object direct object (adjunct place) (adjunct time)
(bep. Van tijd) onder- werk- meewerkend
lijdend voor- (bep. van plaats) (bep. van tijd)
werp
woord voorwerp
werp
1
2
3
4
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Father
Father
Father
Father
father
Father
father
Father
gives
gives his son
gives his son
gives his son
gave his son
gave his son
will give his son
will give his son
pocket money
pocket money
pocket money
pocket money
pocket money
pocket money
in the kitchen
in the kitchen
in the kitchen
in the kitchen
in the kitchen
yesterday
tomorrow
Father can give his son pocket money in the kitchen.
Father is going to give his son pocket money in the kitchen.
Mind !
1.
In English the subject ( onderwerp) is always in front of the verb
( gezegde), except in a question.
Will father give his son pocket money in the kitchen ?
2.
The verbs are always as closely together as possible
Father will give his son pocket money.
Father is going to give his son pocket money.
3.
Adjunct of time can either be at the front of the sentence or at the end.
In front it has more emphasis.
Tomorrow father will give his son pocket money.
If both the adjuncts of place and time are at the back (e.g. in questions),
Then it is always place before time ( p before t), as in the alphabet.
Was he at school today ?
My parents went to Britain last summer.
4.
When the indirect object ( meewerkend voorwerp) is not in front of the
direct object (lijdend vwp), you insert the preposition ‘to’ in front of the
indirect object.
The boy gives his mother flowers.
She has given me a book.
5.
-
The boy gives flowers to his mother.
she has given a book to me.
The position of the adverbs of frequency ( adverbs that say : how
often) :
Adverbs are : always - ever - never - sometimes - often - usually
- frequently - seldom - rarely - already :
These adverbs have a fixed position in an English sentence:
A.
There is only one (1)verb in the sentence. The adverb is always
between the subject and the verb.
My sister works in a hospital.
They swim in the river.
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She never works in a hospital.
They always swim in the river.
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B.
There are two or more verbs in the sentence :
The boy must drink a cup of coffee. - The boy must always drink a cup of coffee.
She should have come home.
- She should never have come home.
The pupil has done his homework. - The pupil has already done his homework.
C.
If there is a form of the verb to be ( am – are – is – was – were),
the adverb is always after the form of to be:
We are late.
They were ill.
D.
-
We are often late.
They were rarely ill in summer.
In questions the adverb is always after the subject:
Do you always do your homework in front of the telly ?
Have you ever been to Turkey ?
ADJECTIVES (=bijvoeglijk naamwoorden) AND ADVERBS ( =
bijwoorden)
Adjectives give information about nouns (= zelfstandig naamwoord):
Mr Johnson is a good teacher.
Billy Turf is a terrible student.
Manchester United are a good team.
Miss Lovesick is a sweet girl.
A silver bracelet.
The following linking verbs ( = koppelwerkwoorden) are always followed by an
adjective: am – are – is – was – were – become – seem – get (= worden) – turn ( =
worden)
This baby is nice, she never cries.
The weather turns cold in autumn.
The waves are too high to go sailing today.
Adverbs tell you something about a verb ( how it happens ) or they tell you about an
adjective, or another adverb.
To form an adverb you take an adjective and write ‘-ly ‘ behind it.
The teacher speaks softly.
The students can speak English perfectly.
Our headmaster sings terribly in the bathroom.
In fact, he is a terribly bad singer.
She sings terribly well.
Mind the spelling of the following words:
Happy
happily
Easy
easily
Possible
possibly
Simple
simply
Whole
wholly
Exceptions to the rule !
Good
Fast
Straight
Loud
-
Hard ( moeilijk)
Hardly ( nauwelijks) DR-KNIPPENBERG COLLEGE
well ( the only irregular one !)She sings well.
fast
He drives fast.
straight
the drunk man could not walk
straight anymore.
loud
This loud music is turned on
loud.
hard
The boys were working hard.
hardly
The boys were working hardly.
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The following verbs take an adjective instead of an adverb :
To sound
To taste
To look
To smell
To feel
But:
This song sounds good.
This cake tastes delicious.
That picture looks good to me.
Garlic smells good in Italian food.
I feel good ( I am in a good mood)
I feel well ( I feel very healthy).
POSITION OF ADVERBS:
1.
As a rule they are positioned in front of the word they say something about.
Studying will be terrifically good fun.
She was terribly good at maths.
They were well instructed by their teacher.
She is my lawfully married wife.
2.
When at the end of a sentence they get extra emphasis.
Someone else can hear you clearly.
She did it quite successfully.
“There is plenty of room”, Alice said indignantly.
“It was not very polite of you to call him a liar”, he said angrily.
3.
When at the beginning of the sentence adverbs voice your opinion.
Fortunately, we haven’t seen much of this thief lately.
Actually, we are not very fond of toffees.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON ( TRAPPEN VAN VERGELIJKING).
The degrees of comparison are made from adjectives. There are three forms
the positive ( = stellende), the comparative ( = vergrotende) and the superlative ( =
overtreffende). There are four different catagories :
1.
Adjectives of 1 ( one ) syllable ( = lettergreep ). They all end in –er, -est.
Fast
Hard
Small
Big
Hot
Sad
Nice
2.
faster
harder
smaller
bigger
hotter
sadder
nicer
-
fastest
hardest
smallest
biggest ( spelling !)
hottest
saddest
nicest
Adjectives of 3 ( three) or more syllables. They all go with : more --, most -- .
Famous
Beautiful
Expensive
Jealous
3.
-
-
more famous more beautiful more expensive more jealous -
most famous
most beautiful
most expensive
most jealous
Adjectives of 2 ( two ) syllables go either with –er, --est or with more --, most –.
A.
Adjectives of two syllables with stress on last syllable go with –er, --est ;
Po’lite
Se’vere
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politer
severer
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-
politest
severest
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B.
Adjectives of 2 ( two ) syllables with stress on first syllable go with more -,
most -- .
‘awful
-
more awful
-
most awful
Unfortunately there are some exceptions to the rule. The following words all have the
stress on the first syllable, but they still take --er, --est endings.
‘noble
‘clever
‘narrow
‘easy
‘handsome
-
nobler
cleverer
narrower
easier
handsomer
-
noblest
cleverest
narrowest
easiest
handsomest
( spelling !)
In other words, words of two syllables ending in : --le, --er, --ow, --y, --some, take the
–er, --est ending in comparative and superlative.
Note : derived forms go the same as the basic word.
e.g.:
impolite
-
impoliter
-
impolitest
And, of course, there always are some irregular ones.
Some are :
Good
Bad
Much ( sg )
More ( pl )
Little
-
better
worse
more
more
less
-
best
worst
most
most
least
Some examples of the above rules :
Sheila has got a short pencil.
Robert has got a shorter pencil.
But my pencil is the shortest.
An Aston Martin is a famous car.
It is more famous than a Ferrari.
A Rolls Royce is the most famous of them all.
Note : after the comparative we write than with an a ! This is not to be confused with
then which means ‘toen, dan’ ( adverb of time )
Comparisons with as ….. as, and not as ….. as ( or: not so .. as )
It is as easy as ABC.
John is not as tall as the Eiffel tower.
A Fiat 500 is not so big as a DAF lorry.
Some expressions that come in handy.
Bruce Springsteen is more famous than Madonna, he is even more famous than David
Bowie.
The sooner, the better
hoe eerder, des te beter
The more you earn, the richer you get. hoe meer je verdient, des te rijker je wordt.
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PRONOUNS
Personal pronoun ( persoonlijk voornaamwoord) and possessive
pronoun ( bezittelijk voornaamwoord ) and reflexive pronoun ( wederkerend voornaamwoord).
I
you
he
she
it
me
you
him
her
it
my
your
his
her
its
mine
yours
his
hers
its
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
we
you
they
us
you
them
our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
subject
(in)direct
object
possessive
pronoun 1
possessive
pronoun 2
reflexive
pronoun
Note : you may mean : jij - je - jou - jullie - U ! ! !
It is used for everything non-human, so for things and animals, etc. When
your pet animal is referred to you may use ‘he’ and ‘she’.
INDIRECT OBJECT AND DIRECT OBJECT.
I see him.
Where are my trousers, I cannot find them anywhere. ( !! )
Roger likes us all.
It rains, my dog likes it.
He told me a nice story.
He gave her flowers on her birthday.
I collected books for them.
I will give the book to her.
There are two different forms of the possessive pronoun ( 1 and 2 ).
Possessive pronoun 1 is always followed by a noun ( zelfstandig naamwoord).
Possessive pronoun 2 is never followed by a noun.
This is my ( 1 ) book.
That is her ( 1 ) bike.
This is his ( 1 ) table.
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The book is mine ( 2 ).
The bike is hers ( 2 ).
The table is his ( 2 ).
Het boek is van mij.
De fiets is van haar.
De tafel is van hem.
He is a friend of mine.
They are friends of his.
Hij is een vriend van mij.
Zij zijn vrienden van hem.
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN ( AANWIJZEND VOORNAMWOORD)
this
these
close by
(dichtbij)
that
those
far away
( ver weg)
singular
plural
This ball
That ball
This woman
That man
these balls
those balls
these women
those men
are these your balls ?
are those your balls ?
Is this the woman you saw in the street ?
Are those the new men in your team ?
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ( VRAGEND VOORNAAMWOORD )
Who
:
What
:
Which
:
When
:
How
Where
:
:
Why
:
Whose
:
asks for persons.
Who knows the answer?
Father does.
asks for animals and things,
What do you want to know? -unlimited choice.
Your address.
asks for people, animals and
Which of you knows the
things, limited choice !
answer? – My cousin does.
Which book is yours ? – The
black one.
asks for time.
When will he come home ? –
Tomorrow at 8 o’clock.
asks in what way
How did he do that sum ?
asks for place
Where does the Queen live ? In a palace in The Hague.
asks for a reason
Why is he always late for
school ? – He always oversleeps.
asks for a person’s possessions Whose coat is this ? – It’s
mine.
RELATIVE PRONOUN ( betrekkelijk voornaamwoord )
Relative pronouns relate to or refer to words that have been mentioned before, the so
called ‘antecedent’. Relative pronouns always open a sub clause ( bijzin) .
With persons you may use WHO.
The man, who walks there, is my uncle.
Mind the use of commas ! !
‘The spy, who came in from the cold’, is a novel.
Do you know the woman I was talking to at the post office.
( this sentence should be :
Do you know the woman, to whom I was talking at the post office.
In English we do not want a preposition in front of the relative pronoun, so we place
the preposition where it belongs; with the verb. We skip the relative pronoun and
the comma !
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When can we skip the relative pronoun ? In all cases in which it is not the
subject of the sub clause.
The man, whom I met in the park, is my grandpa. >>> The man I met in the park, is my
grandpa.
With things and animals you use WHICH :
The blue bike, which is parked near our school, is hers.
Mind the commas !!
The house, in which we live, is old.
>>>
The house we live in, is old.
With persons, things and animals you can also use THAT , but only when the
information is necessary to understand the sentence. In other words the sub clause
cannot be left out. In Dutch as well as in English we do not use commas.
He is the only man …. ????
but;
He is the only man that can solve this problem.
A dog is a pet that barks.
A cow is an animal that eats grass.
Mind : He is the only man that we know in here.
>>
He is the only man
we know in here.
Which may also refer to an entire sentence.
The boy left the party early, which surprised me.
The teacher saw a pupil acting in a very funny way, which he did not like much.
SOME and ANY
SOME can only be used when the sentence is not a question or when there is no
negation ( not – never – hardly, etc. ).
There is some milk in the fridge.
I can see some birds in the sky.
Question ( ? )
Answer
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
any ?
Yes ( + ) ………….. some
No ( - ) ………… . any
Never ( - ) ……….. any
Hardly ( - ) ……….. any
Are there any books on your table ?
Yes, there are some books on my table.
No, there are not any books on my table.
Have they got any coffee ?
Yes, they have got some coffee.
No, they have not got any coffee.
This holds for words that are formed with some and any as well.
Somebody anybody
Someone
anyone
Somewhere anywhere
Something anything
We cannot see anybody in this fog.
There is someone at the door. You are kidding, there is not anybody there.
The shopkeeper cannot find his watch anywhere.
Cannot the police find anything ?
Can you hear anything ?
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Sentences that start with ‘if’ should also have any.
If we leave it any longer, Halloween will be over.
If you have any questions to ask, feel free to do so !
If you expect a positive answer ( yes ) to your question, you may use some
exceptionally.
“Butcher, have you got some beef for me ?” - “Certainly, Sir, how much would you like ?”
MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW
much
many
veel
little
few
weinig
singular
plural
There is much milk and there are many eggs.
She drinks very little wine.
My brother has got very few friends.
How much money have you got ?
How many books have you read ?
A LOT OF : can be used with the singular as well as the plural.
A lot of pupils were at the school party.
They are having a lot of fun.
It rained a lot last night.
BUT :
If the sentence is negative ( not, etc) or a question ( ? ) then you should
use MUCH and Many only.
The children did not have much fun at the circus.
Are there many pencils in your schoolbag ?
She said that she did not like my shirt very much.
A little and a few mean in Dutch: EEN BEETJE, EEN PAAR….
My mother gave me a little money extra. ( een beetje )
He had a few drinks too many last night. ( een paar )
CARDINALS, ORDINALS, DAYS, MONTHS, DATES.
Cardinals
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one / a hundred
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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five
twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
31
42
53
64
75
86
97
98
99
thirty-one
forty-two
fifty-three
sixty-four
seventy-five
eighty-six
ninety-seven
ninety-eight
ninety-nine
MIND! Between the tens and the
units there should be a hyphen ( - )
122 one hundred and twenty-two
243 two hundred and forty-three
Mind ! Between the hundreds and
555 five hundred and fifty-five
tens there should be ‘and’ ! !
1000 one thousand
2011 two thousand and eleven
1666 one thousand six hundred and sixty-six Mind! No and between thousands
1,000,000
one million
and hundreds!
1,000,000,000
one billion
Note ! Numbers consisting of thousands and millions etc. , the English use a comma ( , ).
So one million two hundred and fifty thousand six hundred and sixty-four =
1,250,664.
On the other hand between units and decimals the English write dots ( . )
So, five and five tenths = 5.5
Ordinals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
1e
2e
3e
4e
5e
6e
7e
8e
9e
10e
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
20e
30e
40e
50e
60e
70e
80e
90e
100e
twentieth
20th
thirtieth
30th
fortieth
40th
fiftieth
50th
sixtieth
60th
seventieth 70th
eightieth
80th
ninetieth
90th
one hundredth
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100th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
11e
12e
13e
14e
15e
16e
17e
18e
19e
20e
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
21e
32e
43e
54e
65e
76e
87e
98e
109e
twenty-first
21st
thirty-second
22nd
forty-third
43rd
fifty-fourth
54th
sixty-fifth
65th
seventy-sixth
76th
eighty-seventh
87th
ninety-eighth
98th
one hundred and ninth
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109th
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As you may observe only the last number changes into an ordinal.
So :
126e
one hundred and twenty-sixth
381e
three hundred and eighty-first
1,000e
one thousandth
2,000,000e two millionth
5892e
five thousand eight hundred and ninety-second
126th
381st
1,000th
2,000,000th
5892nd
MONTHS AND DAYS AND DATES
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
The names of the months and
days are written with a Capital !
Dates
In English we always write a date with an ordinal.
You may write dates in four different ways :
31 March, 2011
31st March, 2011
March 31, 2011
March 31st , 2011
You always say : the thirty-first of March two thousand eleven
Note : The Americans usually write the month first and then the day, so
March 31, 2011
PLURALS OF THE NOUNS
1.
GENERAL RULE.
You put an /s/ behind the noun.
One dog
One hand
One boy
One camera
One photo
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two dogs
five hands
ten boys
two cameras
one hundred photos
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EXCEPTIONS
a.
Words that end in an s or an s-sound ( -sh, -ch, -x ). They always take –es :
one bus
one glass
one dish
one box
one match
one fox
b.
Words that end in –y
1.
if a vowel ( a, o, e, u ) precedes the –y, then the –y does not change.
One day
One key
One boy
One guy
2.
d.
two days
five keys
thirty boys
eight guys
If a consonant precedes the –y, then the –y ending changes into –ie.
One baby
One lady
One cherry
One secretary
c.
two buses ( also : busses )
five glasses
three dishes
six boxes
twenty matches
four foxes
two babies
five ladies
twenty cherries
three secretaries
The following words, ending in F or FE change in the plural into –ves.
Singular
plural
Calf
Scarf
Shelf
Life
Knife
Wife
Loaf
Leaf
Thief
Wolf
calves
scarves
shelves
lives
knives
wives
loaves
leaves
thieves
wolves
Irregular forms :
man
woman
child
foot
goose
tooth
mouse
louse
ox
sheep
deer
potato
tomato
negro
hero
men
women
children
feet
geese
teeth
mice
lice
oxen
sheep
deer
potatoes
tomatoes
negroes
heroes
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( mind : fireman firemen, etc. )
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THE GERUND ( a verb ending in --ing )
For the time being we will discuss two forms of the verb ending in –ing.
a.
The continuous
( see part 2 of this grammar )
The continuous is formed by using a form of the verb ‘to be’ ( am – are – is –
was – were – will be, etc. ) plus a verb ending in –ing.
The boy is working hard in school.
These farmers are milking the cows.
That woman was doing the dishes.
We will all be writing letters to our pen pals.
b.
When the verb is used as a noun ( and thus: as a subject ) you use a verb
ending in –ing, but without a form of the verb to be.
Cycling is good for your health.
Smoking is bad for your health.
Swimming will do you the world of good.
c.
After prepositions ( in, at, for, etc. ). Mostly in fixed expressions or verbs with
fixed prepositions.
He is very much interested in playing the guitar.
Are you any good at cheating during a test ?
Thank you for listening to me.
d.
After the following verbs ( there are more, but these are the most important)
to start
to begin
to like
to love
to enjoy
to finish
to end / to stop
to hate
It started snowing when we left for Amsterdam.
When he began talking, he could not stop anymore.
We finished doing our homework and watched some tv.
The boys stopped fighting when their fathers came running on.
We all like going to school very much after the summer holidays.
These pupils enjoy reading so much they read all books in the library.
________________
For those who have a fine-tuned feeling for languages.
What is the difference between the following sentences:
We like doing homework all year round.
We like to do homework tonight.
PART TWO IS ALL ABOUT VERBS AND AUXILIARIES ! !
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