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Download Topic #8 The Muslim World and Africa
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Monday 1-23-2017 • What was Zoroastrianism? • Why is Jerusalem considered to be a holy city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims? • What battle saw the expansion of Islam halted in Western Europe? • What event saw the Iberian Peninsula return to be predominately Catholic in religion? Topic #8: Islam & Empires in Africa The Life of Muhammad Early Life • Born in Mecca in 570 A.D. to a merchant family • Was an orphan, but grew up to become a caravan manager • At age 25, married a rich widow named Khadija (age 40). • He worried about the greed of wealthy people & he spent time praying & reflecting alone where he experienced a revelation, or vision from God Early Life • This voice told Muhammad that he was Allah’s (God’s) prophet & it was Muhammad’s duty to warn the people about divine judgment • In 613 AD, Muhammad began spreading this new religion called Islam (surrendering to God) and its followers were called Muslims (surrendering ones Isra and Mi'raj • Journey that Muhammad took during a single night around the year 621. • It has been described as both a physical and spiritual journey. • In the journey, Muhammad travels on the steed Buraq to "the farthest mosque" where he leads other prophets in prayer. • He then ascended to heaven where he spoke to God, who gave Muhammad instructions to take back to the faithful regarding the details of prayer. Early Spread of Islam • Tried to convince the people of what he had learned from the revelations. • Upset many people, particularly the wealthy merchants, because he said the rich should share their wealth with the poor. • They forced Muhammad and his 30 followers out of Mecca on the hijrah or emigration in 622 & went to Medina (called the city of the prophet); this year is known as year 0. in the Muslim calendar • He gains much more support in Medina and among the Bedouin tribes (Arab nomads). • The first Muslim community (Umma)is formed here. Conquering of Mecca • In 630 Muhammad and a force of 10,000 men return to conquer Mecca. • He declares the Ka’bah a holy shrine. • He removes the tribal idols, but keeps the Black Stone. • Muhammad becomes the religious and political leader . 1-24-2017 • Describe how the spread and growth of Islam was different than the spread of Christianity. • Name at least 3 major Islamic holy cities. • How is the Quran a different religious text than the Bible? Muslim Beliefs • The Quran (“Recite”), written in Arabic, was believed to be Allah’s message as revealed to Muhammad – presented basic moral values & rules to guide Muslims in everyday life • Muslims can pray at home or at a mosque, a building that may be a place of worship, school, court, or shelter • Prayers chanted five times a day from the minaret The Five Pillars of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam are the essential duties that all Muslims are to fulfill • Shahada: Declaration of faith or belief in Allah • Salat: prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca • Zakat: charity giving to the sick & poor • Sawm: fasting during daylight hours during Ramadan, the holiest month in the Muslim calendar • Hajj: a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a Muslims’ life The Fifth Pillar: Hajj • The Pilgrimage includes praying to the Kaaba or holy shine in Mecca • Each year millions of Muslims make the Pilgramge Women In Islam • Early days of Islam: women were not required to wear the veil & not secluded • Up to four wives allowed since the time of Muhammad; women - only one husband • In general, Islamic women had more rights than other women of the same time • • • • Equal with men before Allah Female infanticide forbidden Could own property (before & after marriage) In some cases could divorce husband • Eventual isolation created barriers to acceptance of Islam, especially in Africa People of the Book • Muslims, Jews and Christians all worship the same God • Quran teaches that Islam is God’s final and complete revelation • Muslims consider Jews and Christians to be “People of the book” • Historically these people enjoyed tolerance in Muslim Lands Building a Muslim Empire Last Great Pilgrimage • Muhammad spent the 10th year Islam on a pilgrimage though out his lands re affirming the Islamic faith • Died June 8 632 at the age of 62 or 63 and was buried in his wife's house where he died • This spot was later turned into a Mosque Succeeding Muhammad • The death of Muhammad created problems within the Muslin committee • Muhammad did not announce an heir to the religion Spread of Islam • Muhammad dies in 632 A.D. • Left no clear successor or heir • The position of Caliph is established • 1st four are called “the Rightly Guided Caliphs” • Abu Bakr (1st Caliph) – father-in law of Muhammad • Sought to protect and spread Islam (Persia & Byzantine Empire were weak) Divisions Within Islam • Rival groups begin competing for the Caliphate • The 4th Caliph (Ali) was assassinated • Ali’s rival (Mu’awiyah) begins the Umayyad dynasty as the new caliph • Capital is moved from Medina to Damascus • Ali’s son (Husayn) refuses to accept, but dies in battle • Led to a split in Islam – Sunnis, who supported Mu’awiyah and Shiites, who supported Ali & Husayn Sunnis & Shiites • Sunnis • Believed the caliph was primarily a leader and any devout Muslim could serve in the office with the acceptance of the people • 90% of Muslims today are Sunnis • Shiites • Believed the caliph was primarily a religious authority and should be held only by the descendants of Muhammad • 10% of Muslims today are Shiites (most are in Iran, Iraq, & Lebanon) Expansion of Islam • Sufis- emerge in Both Sunni and Shiite traditions • Mystics seeking communion with Allah Wednesday 1-25-2017 • Describe the events that led up to the split between Shiite and Sunni Muslims. • Describe at least 2 key differences between the two groups. Umayyad Caliphs • Created an Empire that stretched from Arabia into north Africa and India • 5th Largest Empire in History Solidifying the Muslim World • Were able to conquer the Byzantine and Sassanid Empire easily because they wore them selves out fighting each other • Expanded later to Jerusalem, Alexandria and Damascus • Sunni Caliphs moved the capital to Damascus, Syria Conquests • Pushed east to borders of India & China • Pushed west into Africa and Europe – trade routes The Fall of the Umayyad Caliphs • Abbasid family unseated the Caliphs in 750 • Although the Umayyad fell Islam had firmly been established Abbasid Empire • Many non Arab Muslims were viewed as 2nd class Citizens • Abbasid encouraged conversion and equality among ALL Muslims Muslim Accomplishments • Developed the concept of “0” & algebra • accurately described solar eclipses • Very advanced in medicine: Ibn Sina wrote a book Canon of Medicine which detailed all medical knowledge of the time • began the use of calligraphy, the art of elegant handwriting • one of the most famous short story collections, One Thousand and One Arabian Nights • the Dome of the Rock, the famous mosque in Jerusalem from where Muhammad ascended to heaven The Ottoman Empire • Ottomans gain ground in Asia Minor (Anatolia) throughout the 1350’s • 1453: Ottoman capture of Constantinople under the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II • Ottomans were a major power in the Arab World, the Balkans, and around the Black and Red Seas. The Ottoman Empire • Turkic Cavalry quickly turns into a warrior aristocracy • Janissaries: infantry divisions which dominated the imperial armies – Usually conscripted as adolescents – Controlled the artillery and firearms – Gained tremendous power as time went on The Ottoman Empire • Sultans were absolute monarchs • Ottoman conquest usually meant effective administration and tax relief • The grand vizier (wazir) was the true head of “state.” • Political succession was vague and often contested however – Sons often battled after the death of their father The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire • Ottoman sultans worked tirelessly to improve the imperial capital of Constantinople (Istanbul) • Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque • Built the Suleymaniye mosque (below) The Ottoman Empire • Was the Ottoman Empire plagued to decline? • The empire did last into the 20th century, and lasted for over 600 years! • However, later sultans were less prepared to rule – Increasing power to the viziers, and Janissary corps. – Ottoman defeat at the battle of Lepanto against the combined Spanish and Venetian fleet in 1571 – Ottomans were unable to push the Portuguese from the Indian Ocean in the 1500s • Ottoman tax collectors lose critical revenue The Ottoman Empire • Influx of silver bullion in the 16th century from the New World also destabilized the Ottoman economy • Ottomans did not overly concern themselves with developments in Europe, like Scientific Revolutions, enlightenment, and industrial advancements of the 171800’s. • Ottomans fell behind in trade and warfare more than anything • Janissaries block most modes of change in defense of their own power. The Safavids • Sunnis: recognized the legitimacy of the first three successors to Muhammad (abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman) • Shi’a: recognized only the fourth caliph (Ali…Mohammad’s cousin and son-in-law) – Ottomans: Sunni – Safavids: Shi’a • This rivalry has gone on since the 7th century, and continues today! The Safavids • Sail al-Din (Saladin): with the Mongol collapse of the 14th Century, he began a militant campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread teachings amongst Turkic tribes The Safavids • Variants in Islam led the Safavids to battle with the Ottomans by 1514. • The Safavids were NOT as militarily technologically advanced as the Ottomans. • The Safavids were sorely defeated at the Battle of Chaldiran. • Isma’il was largely ineffective after this defeat. – Ottomans could not take Tabriz (capital) because of distance from supply lines – Shi’aism would be confined to this area (modern day Iran/southern Iraq) The Safavids • Abbas I (r. 1587-1629), aka Abbas the Great – Empire reaches the height of its strength and prosperity – Used “slave” regiments that mirrored the Janissaries – Built the army to 40,000 – Moved capital to Isfahan – Founded several colleges – Supported the arts, architecture, etc. The Safavids • Shahs claim to be descended from imams, or successors of Ali • Mullahs are local and mosque officials who were prayer leaders • Shia’ism becomes an integral part of Iranian identity – Pressuring conversions of other faiths • Women faced legal and social disadvantages The Safavids • After Abbas the Great (I), the decline of the empire was rapid. • Weak shahs which were supported by the “slave” regiment were often the culprit – (although Abbas II from 1642-1666 was rather effective) • By 1722 Isfahan was besieged by Afghani tribes • Area becomes battleground for surrounding empires, and nomadic raiders for years African Civilizations Geography & Environment • Is divided into 5 regions – N. Africa, E. Africa, W. Africa, Southern. Africa, & Central Africa • Three times as large as the U.S. • The Sahel is a great central plateau south of the Sahara desert African Regions African Societies in General (before Islam) • Diverse – centralized states & stateless societies • Animistic religions – nature, rituals, dancing, witchcraft, creator deity, ancestor worship, sacrifice, drumming • Languages had common origin (Bantu) Bantu Migrations • Bantu- nomadic farmers from central Africa • Utilized the slash and burn methods of agriculture • Shared skills (farming, ironworking, etc.) and spread culture throughout Southern Africa. • Reason for migration is unknown. Pre-Islamic Africa • Extremely diverse societies developed • Political unity was difficult because of terrain • Bantu is primary language spoken – Oral traditions; very few written records – Most communities are preliterate (lacking writing system) • Animistic and polytheistic religions common • Majority of Africa, even after introduction of Islam, will remain in isolation – Many who are exposed to Islam do not convert but remain practitioners of their indigenous religion “Stateless” Societies • Many small communities are politically organized in this way – Authoritarian and centralized empires will exist, however. • Lack concentration of power and authority – Authority and power normally exercised by a ruler and court is held by a council or families or community • Weakness of stateless societies – No organization to collect taxes no effective militaries – No consensus Difficult to resist external pressures – No undertaking of large building projects – Hard to create stability for long-distance trade • Internal problems could be resolved by allowing dissidents to leave and establish new villages African Economy • Economies vary by region – N. Africa integrated into the world economy via Islamic trade routes and Mediterranean – Most participate in agriculture and ironworking • Africans exchanged abundant raw materials for manufactured goods. Grasslands Kingdoms • Sahel Grasslands: transition zone between Sahara Desert and savannahs to the south • Point of exchange between North and Sub-Saharan Africa; important region of trade • Grasslands Kingdoms = Sudanic States = Ghana, Mali, Songhai Sudanic States • Islam reinforced ideas of kingship and power: “royal cult” – Joining Islam gives rulers prestige and associates them with other great Muslim leaders • Majority of population never converted but retain their polytheism/animism • Trade gold for salt from Berbers in North Africa • Mali, Ghana and Songhai – Combine Islamic religion/culture with local practices – Each incorporates the previous kingdom; bigger than last Islam in Africa Jihad spread Islam to Africa (8th century) Caravan trade helped spread Islam into Sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Mali, & Sudan) Traditional beliefs blend with Muslim beliefs in some areas Ocean traders spread Islam to coastal areas, islands, & east African cities (Mogadishu, Mombasa, & Kilwa) Persian, Arab and Bantu languages create Swahili. Little success in interior Africa Islam in Africa • Ibn Battuta – Arab traveler who documented the Islamic world (1300s) • Mamluks – originally a military caste that took seized power; dynasty that makes Egypt a center for Muslim culture and learning; were converts to Islam • Muslims bring slavery to new heights – saw slavery as a process in conversion Kingdom of Ghana (A.D. 300 – A.D. 1200) • Caravan trading empire that prospered from taxes • Benefited from salt and gold trade( tax these items as they came through their territory) • Trade brought Islamic ideas and customs; many converted Ghana 4th – 11th c. • 1st great West African empire • Rose to power by taxing salt and gold • 10th c: rulers convert to Islam while common people remain loyal to polytheism • Reaches 11th c. height • Almoravid armies invaded Ghana in 1076 Kingdom of Mali (1235 C.E.-1468 C.E.) • West African Kingdom established by Sundieta Keita (Lion Prince) in 1235 • Rulers supported Islam (mosques, public prayers, preachers) • Juula – traders • Ibn Battuta visits (Arab traveler) • Greatest king was Mansa Musa (Muslim) – made Hajj • Important trading center and capital was Timbuktu Mali • Broke away from Ghana in 13th c. • Economy: agriculture and gold trade • Traders spread beyond W Africa • Very wealthy empire • Islamized state in 13th c. when rulers convert • Founder: Sundiata (dies 1260) – Credited with Malinke expansion and creation of unified state with each tribe having a representative at court – Mansa Musa is successor • Jenne and Timbuktu – Major cities of commercial exchange – Scholars, craft specialists, and foreign merchants – Timbuktu was famous for its library and university Mansa Musa • 1324: Hajj to Mecca – Aligns himself with elite Islamic rulers – Brings back scholars, architects – Inadvertently devastates economies he enters • Indicates wealthy, sophisticated empires existed in Africa • Estimated wealth: $400 billion Kingdom of Songhai (A.D. 1493 – A.D. 1528 was its height) • Most important ruler was Askia Muhammad (Muslim) • Sunni Ali – ruthless, tactical commander • Were traders, farmers, & fishers who settled in the Niger River Valley • Timbuktu became a center of Muslim learning • Moroccan Army causes downfall Songhai • Independent from Mali in 1370s • Prospered as a trading state and military power. • Founded by Sunni Ali (1464-1492) – Great military leader; extended rule over the entire Niger River valley. • Songhai remained dominant until defeated by Moroccans in 1591 for not being “Muslim enough” Influence of Islam in Grasslands Kingdoms • Islam provided universal faith and fixed law. • Rulers reinforced authority through Muslim ideology. • Many Sudanic societies were matrilineal and did not seclude women. – Hesitancy over conversion to Islam since it restricts women more than these societies did • Slavery and slave trade was prevalent from Muslim influence Swahili Coast of East Africa • Coasts enable East Africa to be connected to India Ocean trade • Islamized trading ports along coast by 13th c. – Kilwa, Mogadishu, Mombasa: large city-state centers of Islam – Ibn Battuta: Islamic scholar/writer who visits these cities • Exported raw materials in return for Indian, Islamic and Chinese luxuries • Swahili language (Bantu + Arabic) emerged in urbanized trading ports • Rulers and merchants were often Muslim. – Most of the population retained African beliefs and few converted to Islam • Culture = Swahili as language and fused African and Islamic practices. Central Africa • Across central Africa, agrarian societies thrived and kingdoms developed • Yoruba – Non Bantu-speaking – Highly urbanized agriculturalists • Benin – Forms in 14th century under ruler/oba Ewuare the Great – Ruled from the Niger River to the coast near Lagos • Luba – Divine kingship – Hereditary bureaucracy Central Africa without Islam • Both develop free of Islamic contact • Kongo – Agricultural society, flourishes by 15th – Gender division of labor and family-based villages – Largest site: Mbanza Kongo = 60,000-100,000 people • Zimbabwe – Great Zimbabwe, largest site – Dominated gold sources and trade with coastal ports Christianity in Africa • Christian states are present in North Africa, Egypt, and Ethiopia before the arrival of Islam. • Egyptian Christians, the Copts, had a rich and independent tradition (Coptic Christianity). • The Nubians resisted Muslim incursions from 9th until 13th century. • Ethiopia continues to retain Christianity. • Christianity will come later to the rest of the continent with the presence of Europeans. Global Connections • Spread of Islam brought large areas of Africa into the global community through increasing contact from 700-1500 CE between Africa and Mediterranean and Asian civilizations. – Sudanic states and East Africa • However, most of Africa evolved in regions free of Islamic contact (Central + Southern Africa). – Organized their lives in stateless societies. • While no universal empires and religions develop in Africa, Christianity and Islam impact the region through political, economic, and cultural development.