Download Chapter 10 DNA RNA Protein Synthesis

Chapter 10
DNA
RNA
Protein Synthesis
(process of making a
protein)
DNA
• Who: Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What: Directs cells functions…..stores the
genetic information to make proteins….you are
made up of proteins….DNA holds the code to
put them together ….blueprint of life
• When: you got your DNA from your parents….it
combined together …ewwww :P…yes during
making you!!!!
• Where: Same copy found in every cell’s nucleus
• Why: Why do we study and Care about DNA…
YOU should CARE!!!
Cool things are coming b/c of it
• Medical benefits, cures
• Better foods
• Children of choice
•
Human Genome Project
sequenced human genes (short
segments of DNA that code for 1
trait)
• Glow in the dark Fish
HISTORY OF DNA
• Fairly new to us…maybe 60 years
• Early scientists thought proteins were the heredity
info….b/c more complex
– 20 amino acids (building blocks of protein)
– 4 nucleotides (building blocks of DNA: A, T, G, C)
• Chargaff- 1951- determined that number of A =T, and G=C
• Rosalind Franklin-1952- used x-ray diffraction to get a
picture of it
• Watson and Crick-1953- used Franklin’s picture and made
a 3-D model..won nobel prize

1) Which process removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere rather than
adding it?

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A. Cellular Respiration B. Combustion of Gasoline
C. Photosynthesis
D. Deforestation
2) The following equation takes place in which organelle?
Carbon dioxide + Water + sunlight  Sugar + Oxygen

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B. Chloroplast
C. Ribosome
D. Vacuole
3) Most of the reactions by which energy from sugars is released for use by
the cell happens within the

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A. Mitochondria
A. Vacuoles
B. Nuclei
C. Ribosomes
D. Mitochondria
4) Which statement best describes a cell membrane?

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A. Is only found in animal cells
B. Is an immovable structure
C. It controls reproduction is a cell
D. It controls the passage of materials into the cell
5) In which process do organisms transfer the energy in organic molecules to ATP molecules?
A) Excretion B) cellular respiration
C) Digestion D) Photosynthesis
6) Which group of organic compounds includes enzymes?
A) carbohydrates B) Sugars
C) Nucleic Acids D) Proteins
Question:
 If
there is 30% Adenine
(A), how much Thymine (T)
is present?
Question:
 If
there is 22% thymine
(T), how much guanine (G)
is present?
 Remember out of 100% and
A=T + G=C = 100
Structure of DNA…..well lets start off
smaller….one nucleotide…..cuz DNA is
billions of nucleotides put
together….remember our brick wall
• Monomer: nucleotide
– Made up of 3 parts:
• A sugar: (deoxyribose)
• A phosphate group
• A Nitrogen Base
– A,T,G,C
– This is the only one that can
change!!!!!!!!
Four nitrogenous bases
DNA has four different bases:

Cytosine C

Pyrmidines1
ring
Thymine T

Adenine A

Guanine G
Purines- 2 rings
Ok…..now we know the
monomer…..lets make the polymer
DNA
-DNA called a Double Helix (twisted ladder)
- Sides of the ladder are the Sugars and Phosphates of the
nucleotide held together by strong covalent bonds
- The steps (rungs) are the Nitrogen base (A,T,G,C) held together
by weak hydrogen bonds!!!
Why does it make sense to hold
the 2 strands of DNA together
by weak H bonds?
(Cells divide and new cell needs
a copy)

Bc 2 strands need to break apart easily to
duplicate or copy DNAREPLICATION

DNA making a copy of itself…..DNADNA
DNA Replication
1) Begins at Origins of Replication
2) Two strands open forming a Replication Fork.
(Y-shaped region)
 HELICASE  perverted enzyme that “unzips”
the genes/DNA…breaks the hydrogen bonds
Replication
Fork
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3) New complimentary bases from the cell’s
nucleoplasm are added to the unraveled DNA
strands by an enzyme called DNA POLYMERASE, and
new H bonds are made between the bases. “ZIPS
UP”…puts it back together….also proofreads
(makes corrections)
How many rings are in the nitrogen
base of a purine?
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What are the two purines?

How will we remember them?
How many rings are in the nitrogen
base of a pyrimidine?
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What are the two pyrimidines?
What are the base-pairing rules?

Who came up with them?
What is one nucleotide made up of?
 Is DNA a single or double strand?
 What is DNA’s shape called

In a DNA molecule, the letters A, T, G, and C represent
1)
a. Sugars
c. proteins
d. Nitrogen bases
In DNA, the base represented by an A always
pairs with the base represented by a
2)
3)
b. starches
a. T
b. U
c. G
d. C
Which statement describes how DNA controls cellular
activities?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It regulates the concentration of molecules on both sides of the cell
membrane
It varies the rates of starch synthesis
It coordinates active and passive transport
It determines the order of amino acids in protein molecules
4) Enzyme molecules are synthesized primarily from
a. monosaccharides
b. fatty acids
c. phospholipids d. amino acids

Which statement best describes the relationship between cells, DNA, and
proteins?
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A. Cells contain DNA that controls the production of proteins
B. DNA is composed of proteins that carry coded information for how cells
function
C. Proteins are used to produce cells that link amino acids together into DNA
D. there is no relationship between DNA, proteins, and cells
Which two organ systems provide materials required for the human body
to produce ATP?
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A. reproductive and excretory
C. respiratory and immune
B. digestive and respiratory
D. digestive and reproductive

Replication must happen (Before or after) the cell divides.
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The sugar found in DNA is
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A. splendose
B. glucose
c. ribose
d. deoxyribose
Most of the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from processes carried out

A. In the soil
B. by animals
c. in factories
d. by plants
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
What is the main function of DNA?
What are the 2 types of Bonds found in DNA and the
locations of each?
What does Helicase do?
What does DNA polymerase do?
What is a short segment of DNA that codes for a trait called?
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
What makes up the rungs (steps of DNA)?
Where does replication happen? (hint: well where is DNA
found)
What is the shape of a DNA molecule? What two guys
discovered it?
The process of duplicating DNA is _______.
11) What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA
sequence?
DNA –CGT-ATG-
10.2……RNA…..
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Who: Ribonucleic Acid……almost same as
DNA except it has one more oxygen.
Where: found in the nucleus and in the
cytoplasm
What: Used to take the message from
DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm…remember…DNA can not leave
the nucleus!!!!
RNA Differs from DNA
1. RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA contains the base uracil (U)
so A=U, G=C
DNA has thymine (T) so A=T, G=C
3. RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded
4. 1 type of DNA
3 Types of RNA
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Types of RNA
1)
mRNA – messenger RNA
(carries the message from DNA to a ribosome)
contains CODONS group of 3 nucleotides (3 letters)
Ex: AUA, GUA, CCU
2)
rRNA = ribosomal RNA
- most abundant form of RNA
- found as a glob and makes up ribosomes
3)
tRNA = transfer RNA
- translates mRNA to the amino acid
- carries the amino acid (building blocks of proteins)
to the ribosome
- has an anticodon to match the
mRNA’s CODON….(base-pairing rules)
TRANSCRIPTION
Making mRNA from DNA
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Process of taking the code from DNA
(which can not leave the nucleus),
transcribing it into mRNA
Happens in the nucleus
Still uses base-pairing rules GC…..but
remember AU ….no T remember , but if
a T on DNA  A still!!!!
STEPS of Transcription
1) RNA polymerase (enzyme) attaches to DNA and
starts unwinding and separating it.
2) Once it reads the START CODE it begins adding
the RNA nucleotides to the DNA according to the
base-pairing rules.
3) Pairing continues until it reaches a STOP CODE.
At which point the new mRNA strand separates
from the DNA and leaves the nucleus
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DNA  DNA is __________________
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DNA  mRNA is _________________
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Occurs where ________________
Enzymes involved __________________
Occurs where ____________________
Enzyme involved __________________
Original DNA is AATTGCGCA
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Replicated __________________
Transcript ___________________
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What are the most common building blocks of lipids? A) glycerol and
amino acids b) glycerol and fatty acids c) monosaccharides and amino
acids d) monosaccharides and fatty acids
The analysis of data gathered during a particular experiment is necessary
in order to a) formulate a hypothesis for the experiment b) develop a
research plan for the experiment c) design a control for the experiment
d) draw a valid conclusion from that experiment
A species scientific name includes information from
a) division and genus b) genus and order
c) species and phylum d) genus and species
A group of related classes of organisms make up an
a)genus b) order c) kingdom d) phylum
DKPCOFGS
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Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere a. keep Earth warm b. are
released mostly from greenhouses c. are valuable as fuels d.
reduce holes in the ozone layer
Which is an example of a biotic factor that affects the size of a
population in a specific ecosystem?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The
The
The
The
average temperature of the ecosystem
number and kinds of soil minerals in the ecosystem
number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem
concentration of oxygen in an ecosystem
IN the following food chain, which is the most abundant organism?
Corn plants  mice  Snake  Hawks
a. corn b. mice c. snake d. hawk

Plants help maintain the quality of the atmosphere by
a. opening holes in the ozone layer b. causing global warming
c. storing oxygen d. storing carbon dioxide
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Copying of DNA to DNA is ____________
Copying of DNA to mRNA is ___________
What three things make up a nucleotide
_______, ______, _______
What are the three types of RNA?
Who is the main enzyme in transcription?
What are the base-pairing rules for
transcription?
Who carries the codon? Anticodon?
10.3 TRANSLATION (Protein
Synthesis)
DNA mRNA Protein
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Taking the message from mRNA and
making a protein!!!!!
Happens at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
tRNA anticodons translates mRNA codons
Why are proteins important?
 They
literally MAKE UP cell parts
and enzymes…they make up u

Don’t 4get… your whole body is made up
of cells and every reaction needs some
type of enzyme
What are the monomers of proteins?
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Amino acids
AA + AA 
DIPEPTIDE
AA + AA + AA (or more) 
POLYPEPTIDE
2 or more polypeptides 
PROTEIN
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Each 3 letters on mRNA called a codon
codes for 1 amino acid…….
And if you remember, there are only 20
different amino acids
SO, if we only have 20 different blocks to
use, how come there are so many different
varieties of life and how they look?
ITS HOW MANY WE USE AND THE
SEQUENCE WE PUT THEM TOGETHER IN!
If the codon
is …what
amino acid
does it code
for?
1) AUG
2) GUA
3) UGG
4) GAC
If the DNA
triplet
is…what
amino acid
does it code
for?
1) TCA
2) GCA
3) AAG
4) TTA
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5) CAG
Steps of Translation
1) A ribosome attaches to the mRNA at a start codon - AUG
2) A tRNA having the anticodon attaches to the mRNA. The tRNA
is carrying the correct amino acid.
3) The ribosome moves onto and reads the next codon (3 letters)
4) The next tRNA attaches with the correct anticodon. An
enzyme attaches the amino acids with a peptide bond.
5) Continues this process until the STOP codon is reached. (UAA,
UAG, UGA)
6) New protein stays inside cell or gets transported out.