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Bio 3411 Principles of the Nervous System Review for Final Exam Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders (25/100 pts) T. Woolsey December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders Topics Covered • Overview of Nervous System • Development – including embryology, genetics and environment • Principal systems for sensation, movement and processing in between • Some aspects of CNS disease and modification December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders II. The Nervous System and Its Cells • Facts - genes, size, energy • Features - brain, spinal cord, periphery • Cells - neurons, glia, synapses • Health and Disease – impacts, prevalence, impacts December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders III. Nervous System Embryology •Ovulation/Fertilization - dorsal-ventral axis: maternal determinants & cortical rotation •Egg to Blastula – synchronous/asynchronous cell division •Germ Bands - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm: animal/vegetal axis. •Gastulation - blastopore •Spemann organizer - anterior-posterior axis August 31, 2009 Lecture III. Nervous System Embryology 5 IV. Mechanisms of Neural Development • Neural Fate and Induction – signaling between mesoderm and neuroectoderm • BMP - 4 – is a Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-b) signaling molecule family member • BMP- 4 from Neuroectoderm - inhibits neuralization/promotes epidermal fate in neighbors • Mesoderm - Chordin, Noggin, Follistatin block BMP-4 • BMP- 4 - mediates later development and adult plasticity • Mechanism – conserved (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) September 2, 2009 Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural Development 6 V. Cell Birth and Death • Necrosis – environmental cell death; e.g. stroke • Apoptosis - physiologically programmed cell death; prevails in NS development • Trophic Factors - molecules that promote growth and survival • NGF – inhibits apoptosis (and other neruotrophins) • Interactions - trophic factors connected to apotposis • Generalization – roles in other processes (cancer) and other animals (nematodes) September 9. 2009 Lecture V. Cell Birth and Death 7 VI. Making Connections • Grouping neurons and processes • Partner selection • Some genetic foundations/correlates • Systematic organization of connections • Roles of contact and diffusion September 14, 2009 Lecture VI. Making Connections 8 VII. CNS Patterning • The Initiation of the Central Nervous System • CNS Growth and Pattern Development • Invertebrate Brains • Several Mechanisms for Directing the Show (scripts conserved) • How did vertebrate and invertebrate patterns arise? September 16, 2009 Lecture VII. CNS Patterning 9 VIII. Spinal Cord, Reflexes and Pathways • Spinal Cord - Segmental organization • Peripheral Nerves - Compound action potential • Spinal Nerves - Dermatomes, motor neuron pools (nuclei) and motor units • Spinal reflexes - stretch (knee jerk); withdrawal/ crossed extensor • Introduction to Pathways - 1 sensory (DC-ML); 1 motor (CST) September 21, 2009 Lecture VIII. The Spinal Cord, Relexes and Brain Pathways 10 IX. Sensation • Sensory Transduction • Receptive Fields • Adaptation • Feature Detection • Maps • Sensory Integration September 23, 2009 Lecture IX. Brain Pathways: Sensation 11 X. Movement • Corticospinal Tract: Activation & Somatotopy • Activity of Motor Cortex Neurons Directs Movement: Force & Direction • Four Other Motor Pathways to Spinal Cord • Role(s) of Descending Pathways in Movement Control • Effects of Corticospinal Tract Lesions • Why is left right, and right left? September 28, 2009 Lecture X. Brain Pathways: Movement 12 XI. Integrating Functions • Methods for study of human brain function/structure • Auditory pathways • Language • Hemispheric specialization • Special Talents and Genius September 30, 2009 Lecture XI. Higher Functions 13 XII. Experience and Critical Periods. (aka, Plastics) • Neuromorphological plasticity – sensitive periods • Functional plasticity – critical periods • Adult plasticity – half-life • Mechanism(s) – different, common, evolution December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders XIII. Brain Diseases I • Motor Systems a Reprise • Pyramidal vs Extrapyramidal (Basal ganglia) • Parkinsonism a Movement Disorder • Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders XIV. Brain Diseases II • Widespread Systems • Mood Disorders – Depression – Manic/Depressive Illness • Schizophrenia • Drugs October 9, 2009 Lecture XIV. Brain Diseases - II 16 XV. Genetics and Human Brains: Clues from Abnormalities • Human Genetics • MRDD (mental retardation and developmental disabilities) • Humans • Mice • What’s with the Brain? October 12, 2009 Lecture XV. Genetics and Human Brains 17 Sample Total of 20. Circle the best answer under each heading. (0.25 pt/ea) a. The bright area to which the arrow is pointing (on the left side of the brain) in this MRI is: 1) the frontal lobe 2) cerebrospinal fluid 3) a stroke b. Functions of cortex not in this bright area are: 1) hearing 2) vision 3) touch c. Symptoms that got this person to the ER include: 1) difficulty walking 2) difficulty eating 3) difficulty smiling d. I (you) think this is most interesting because: 1) relevance to disability 2) localization of brain functions 3) is like a painting December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders The Meaning and Purpose (1cm3) December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders • Eat • Sleep • Procreate • Defend Buena Suerte Bon Chance Good Luck (And …get a good night’s sleep) September 23, 2009 Lecture IX. Brain Pathways: Sensation 21