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Transcript
Ancient Egypt Early Egypt • Sedentary agriculture began as early as ~8000 BCE. • Due to scarcity of water, irrigation was very important. • Water was withheld as punishment • By 3000 BCE mathematics and the calendar had been developed to keep track of seasons. Early Egypt • By 3000 BCE, a pictogram form of writing, hieroglyphics had been developed. • Organized religion emerged. Chief gods included: – Ra-God of Sun – Osiris-God of Earth, Fertilizing Water, Death – Set(h)-God of Desert, Warfare, Foreigners. Old Kingdom • The Old Kingdom was a period from 2700 to 2200 BCE • King Menes was credited with uniting upper and lower Egypt into one nation. • He became the first pharaoh, though pharaoh was not a term the Egyptians used. Old Kingdom • The pharaohs were considered divine rulers and made the world function. – They had the responsibility of making sure the sun rose. – They threw a note into the Nile demanding that it flood every year. – They ceremonially plowed the first earth of the season ensuring a good harvest. Old Kingdom • During the Old Kingdom there was a strong belief in the afterlife. • However, the afterlife was reserved for pharaohs, their families, and their servants. • Pyramids, especially the great pyramids of Khufu, Kafre, and Menkaure were built as tombs for the Pharaohs. Old Kingdom • Toward the end of the Old Kingdom, the power of the Pharaoh decreased. • There was a rise of the priest class and a larger bureaucracy. • Pharaohs gave away land and hereditary titles. • This decentralized power. Middle Kingdom • The Middle Kingdom was a period from 2050 to 1750 BCE • Strong pharaohs restored classic culture. • Laws were codified, not from the word of the pharaohs. • There were more public works such as dams and reclamation projects. Foreign Invasion • Egypt was controlled by foreigners known as the Hyksos from 1750 to 1550 BCE. • The Hyksos used chariots, horses, and armor to defeat the Egyptians. • The Hebrews came with the Hyksos to Egypt. New Kingdom • The New Kingdom was a period from 1550 to 1100 BCE. • Strong pharaohs such as Ramses (?) expelled the Hyksos. • It was during this time that the Hebrews were enslaved. • The divinity of the pharaohs was reduced to a symbolic divinity. And Beyond… • After the New Kingdom, Egypt was conquered many times. • First by the Assyrians, then the Persians, then the Greeks. • After Egypt was conquered by Alexander the Great, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt. • Cleopatra was the last Ptolemy who lost power when the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BCE. Dif. Than Meso. • Egypt was more predictable than Mesopotamia. • Egypt was isolated geographically. • Egyptian culture based on the regularity of the Nile. • Religion was more predictable and focused on the after life. To Remember • Egyptian culture based on maintenance. • Pharaoh supreme in Old Kingdom • Rise of priest reduced power of the pharaoh. • After Middle Kingdoms, many invaders; only military pharaohs successful.