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Transcript
Chapter 2, Section 2 – Egypt’s Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Rulers Old Kingdom Pharaohs Egyptians willingly served the pharaohs Egypt was ruled by all-powerful pharaohs. Began about 2600 B.C. and lasted until about 2300 B.C. Egypt grew and prospered Built cities Expanded trade Established strong government Appointed many officials to carry out their wishes o Oversaw irrigation canals o Managed grain storage o Controlled trade o Collected taxes (in the form of grain) from farmers Carried out certain rituals thought to benefit the kingdom (ex. Driving a bull around Memphis to ensure good crops and bring a good harvest) Considered him the son of Ra, the sun god Believed the unity of the kingdom depended on a strong leader Considered him a god on earth who controlled Egypt’s welfare Egypt’s Religion Worshipped many deities Ra, the sun god Hapi, ruled the Ile river Isis was the most important goddess; represented the loyal wife and mother and ruled over the dead with her husband, Osiris Life after Death Believed life in the next world would be even better than life on earth. Following a long journey, the dead would reach a place of peace and plenty. Book of the Dead, a collection of spells and prayers studied to obtain life after death. Believed that those who had led good lives would be granted life after death by Osiris. For centuries, they believed only Pharaohs and a few special people would enjoy life after death. Believed the pharaoh’s spirit needed a body to make the journey to the afterlife, so it wouldn’t just wander around. Once it reached the next world, he would continue to care for Egypt. The care taken in the embalming process reflects the importance of the belief in afterlife. A process developed by the Egyptians to protect the pharaoh’s body: Removing the body’s organs Filling the body with a special salt called natron, and covering it, as well, for 40 days to dry out. Filling it with spices and perfumes, then stitching it closed. Cleaning it with oils Wrapping it with long strips of linen (Mummies) Placing it inside several nesting wooden coffins In some cases, placing it in a sarcophagus and then burying it in a tomb Embalming Egyptian Medicine In developing the embalming process, the Egyptians learned much about the body, treating illnesses, setting broken bones, etc. Some doctors focused on specific areas of the body, becoming the first specialists in medicine. First medical books written on papyrus scrolls. The Pyramids How Was a Pyramid Built The Great Pyramid Tombs for pharaohs Protected the bodies from floods, wild animals, grave robbers Held supplies needed for the journey to the spirit world Involved surveyors, engineers, carpenters, stonecutters, farmers … Planning: Set on a square base Entrance pointed north Building the pyramids required study of the heavens and development of the principles of astronomy With the knowledge, they created a 12-month, 365-day calendar which became the basis for our modern calendar Mathematical systems, esp. the system of numbers based on 10, were used to calculate how much stone was needed Materials: They had to go where the stone was. Copper tools used to cut stone blocks Pulled to the Nile on wooden sleds rolled on wooden logs Transported to the building sites on barges Dragged or pushed up ramps to be set in place Labor: Took thousands of people years of backbreaking labor to build a pyramid; most work done by farmers during the floods, when they couldn’t work in the fields. Tomb of King Khufu Located at Giza, about 10 miles from modern city of Cairo, near the Nile. The largest of about 80 pyramids found in Egypt Rises 500 feet above the desert About the size of 9 football fields More than 2 million stone blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons (the average car weighs 1.5-2 tons) For @ 4000 years, it was the tallest structure in the world; equal in size to a 48-story building