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Transcript
Egypt By Ann Heinrichs Author’s Purpose: To Inform Land of the Pharaohs: • Farming along the Nile began as early as 7000 B.C. • Two Kingdoms: – Upper Egypt in the south – Lower Egypt in the northern Delta • Menes- Egypt’s first pharaoh (or king) united the two kingdoms • Ancient Egypt was governed by one dynasty (or ruling family) after another. • 31 dynasties reigned between 3100 B.C. and 332 B.C. Levels of Society: • The pharaoh and his family were at the top part of society. • Upper class were priests, nobles, doctors & high-ranking officers • Middle class were artisans, merchants, & engineers – Scribes – (professional writers) held a special place of honor. – Scribes wrote letters & government documents & recorded the pharaoh’s decrees. – Every family hope to have a son become a scribe • Common people were farmers, laborers & soldiers Love & Marriage: • Love was an important part of marriage • Women in ancient Egypt had more rights than women in many cultures have today. • They could: – Own property – Buy & sell goods – Inherit wealth – Sue for divorce if they had a good reason • They couldn’t: – Work outside the home Homes, Adornments, & Games: • Most people lived in simple houses made of mud bricks • Wealthy people had beautiful homes with dozens of rooms Men & Women • Women painted fingernails, wore hair ornaments & jewelry • Both men & women wore lightweight linen skirts or robes • Lower-class people went barefoot • Upper-class people wore leather sandals and wigs – Ancient paintings & artifacts show how much Egyptians loved games • Played leapfrog & tug-of-war • Wooden toys – Girls played ball while riding piggyback – Grownups played senet (similar to checkers) – Played ‘snake’ on round board shaped like coiled snake • On p. 253, study the picture and write a sentence about what she is doing…….. Ancient Cuisine • Typical meal included vegetables and fruit such as beans, lentils, peas, cucumbers or cabbage. Fruits were figs, dates, pomegranates, melons or grapes. • Hunters went into desert for wild game. – Included antelope, gazelle, ducks, geese, quail, pigeon, beef & fish – Bread was a basic everyday food. • Pharaohs & nobles had own bakeries • In most homes, women ground wheat & barley into flour and baked loaves in clay pots The Cycle of Floods • Three seasons of 4 months each: – Akhet flooding of the Nile. This was when the new year began – Peret in November when the waters receded and plowing & planting began – Shemu the dry season from March to July • • Floodwaters left a deposit of silt that fertilized the fields and produced abundant crops • Farmers produced more than enough food for Egypt’s people • Ancient Egypt has been called the “granary (grainhouse) to the world – Grain & other crops were traded with Africa & Asia Animal Life & Climate • Ancient Egypt swarmed with animals that no longer live there – Hippos, lions, baboons, wildcats, gazelles, Golden jackals, flamingos, red-breasted geese • As the climate grew hotter & dryer, the animals went away – Egyptians left paintings of them. • Many animals were drawn in hieroglyphic symbols • Some were honored as gods Hieroglyphs (picture symbols) – Began as early as 3000 B.C. – Represented objects, ideas, homophones, sounds, singular or plural nouns, or verbs – By 300 B.C. there were more than 700 hieroglyphic symbols Life Everlasting – Most people did not live past their thirties – Every Egyptian, from pharaoh to laborer, believed in life after death – They also believed that the dead would enjoy all their earthly comforts in the afterlife. – Burial chambers were filled with favorite possessions, clothes, furniture, games & food. Mummies – After death the body was made into a mummy to keep it from decaying. – Mummification could take as long as 70 days – Mummies of some pharaohs were encased in jewelencrusted gold & placed in a stone coffin – Scrolls of the Book of the Dead were buried with the body • These were special prayers & instructions for getting through the mysterious world of the dead Pyramids – Pharaohs built fabulous toms for themselves to ensure they would have eternal life. – Imhotep built the 1st pyramid called a ‘step pyramid’ – 4th Dynasty pharaohs built the most famous pyramids How Did They Build the Pyramids? – Ancient Egyptians left only a few clues about how they built them – Greek historian Herodotus says that 100,000 men worked on the Great Pyramid in 3 month shifts! • Then another 100,00 went to work –This went on for more than 20 years!! Kingdoms Unite & Divide – Memphis was Egypt’s capital during the Old Kingdom period • Memphis lies about 15 miles south of what is now Cairo Hyksos – Hyksos – were Asian people that rose to power in the 1600sB.C. – They taught the Egyptians about the art of war • The Hyksos introduced horse-drawn chariots, bronze & iron swords & other military gear The New Kingdom: Conquests & Construction • The New Kingdom Period - Thebes was the capital • Egyptians were now a major world power with new military skills • They acquired new lands – which were new sources of wealth • Pharaohs built huge temples, monuments & statues of themselves • Ramses II was the greatest builder of all The New Kingdom • The rulers of the New Kingdom built necropolises- cities of the dead • They are known today as: – Valley of the Kings – Valley of the Queens – Tombs of the Nobles • In 1995, the largest tomb was discovered in the Valley of the Kings – It holds most of Ramses II’s 52 sons – 60 tombs have been found there so far – That is only a small part of those waiting to be discovered The End