* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Church History 2 - Catholic Diocese of Wichita
Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Senatus consultum ultimum wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Cleopatra (1963 film) wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican currency wikipedia , lookup
Julius Caesar (play) wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Church History Class Two FROM THE BABYLONIAN EXILE TO THE BIRTH OF CHRIST What We Will See In this class, we will see God prepare the world for his son through several radical changes in the ancient world. The First will be the defeat of Babylon by Cyrus the Great, which ends the Babylonian Exile. The Second is the Rise of Alexander the Great who spreads Greek culture and language throughout the known world. The Third will be the rise of the Roman Republic which extends a single order throughout the world. The Last is the founding of Imperial Rome which brought the whole world under the Pax Romana. This left the known world with one language, one rule, safe travel, and an eagerness for a new religion. Life in the Exile The Jews were allowed to live ordinary lives in Babylon. The Synagogue. The Susanna Episode. The Four Princes Four members of Jewish Royal household educated in Babylonian Culture: Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah and Daniel. First 3 renamed Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego. Self-denial A Statue, A Dragon The episode of the fiery furnace. Bel the eating idol. The Dragon (possibly a large crocodile). The Feast. Nabonidus goes insane. Cyrus Emerges Cyrus leads rebellion against the Medes. Cyrus goes on a campaign of Conquest. Invades Mesopotamia. Captures Babylon Massive Empire Built. Isaiah and Jeremiah Vindicated 400’s – 300’s Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel prophesied disaster to the nations for their sins. Edom, Moab, Ammon, Aram, Philistia simply disappeared as nations. Egypt crushed by Persian invasion. Persians fulfill the prophecies. The Great Restoration Cyrus liberates Jews (and everyone else). King of great moral character. Ezra begins restoration, enacts reform. Succeeded by Nehemiah. 200 years of peace for Judea. The Rise of Greek Culture 700’s-400’s Once writing was (re)-introduced into Hellas (Greece), civilization grew rapidly. 776 B.C. The first Olympic Games. The Iliad and Odyssey written in 800’s B.C. Pythagoras (Math), Euclid (geometry), Thales (philosophy/science), History (Herodotus), Medicine (Hippocrates) and many more. Drama and the visual arts begin to flourish. Experiments with government other than kings. Athens and Sparta emerge as the two dominant powers. The Persian Wars 492-490; 480-478 Assistance sparks War. Darius invades. The Battle of Marathon. Xerxes (Ahasuerus) invades. Thermopylae and Salamis. The counter attacks, war ends. Cold War. Queen Esther Mordecai the loyal subject XerxesAhasuerus. Haman the hater. Esther (Haddassah). The Plot. Esther’s risk. Haman Hanged. Persian Law. Victorious Jews. Sparta Highly militaristic state. Slave caste; aggressive upbringing. Infanticide. Weakened family bonds. Hatred for pleasure. Love of war, love of honor. Small population. Athens Root of Civilization 480-404 Democracy established. Head of the Delian League. Art and Drama. Socrates and Plato. Platonic philosophy: The Supremacy of the Ideal. Pericles: inspired leadership. Headship, Empire, Enemies. The Peloponnesian War 431-404 Sparta fears Athenian dominance. Greece splits in two, torn in war. The Wall. Whale vs. Elephant. Plague, Pericles. Sicilian Stupidity. Spartan Victory. “Tear down this wall!” Socrates Executed. Century of decline. Aristotle The practical philosopher. Macedonian, moved to Athens. Student of Plato, disagreed. Founded: Biology, Philology, Physics, Metaphysics, Ethical Philosophy, Political Philosophy and more. Nature, Form, Substance. Macedon Hellenizes 359-336 Philip looks south. Philip imports Greek Experts. Marries Olympias; fathers Alexander (356). A friendly hostagetaking. Hires Aristotle. Elite core of Macedonia becomes Greek. Alexander excels and displays genius. Military Reform - Conquest Philip, a Military Genius, reformed the Macedonian military. Flexible phalanx, mobile cavalry, hammer-anvil techniques. Philip goes on warpath. Drunkenness and womanizing. Slowly all Greece falls under his power. Alexander becomes King Philip and Alexander dispute. Philip assassinated. Alexander becomes king. Rebellions quelled; Thebes destroyed. Alexander makes designs on Persia. Companions Greek-MacedonianBarbarian hybrid. Invasion of Persia 334 B.C. Alexander invades Asia Minor. Troy pilgrimage. The Battle of Granicus. Greek-Persians executed. The Gordian Knot. The Battle of Issus 333 Great Victory for Alexander Siege of Tyre 332 The Island defies Alexander. The slow causeway. The burning ships. The new catapult. Floating siege-towers. Causeway complete. The slaughter, the sacrifice. Egypt Liberated Alexander welcomed in Egypt; becomes Pharaoh. Seeks out oracles and signs. Founds Alexandria. Re-enters Asia Gaugamela 331 Complete Victory for Alexander Empire - Death Babylon made capitol. Persians incorporated into army. Afghanistan invaded. India invaded, battle of Hydaspes (326). Met Chandra Gupta??? Dies in Babylon (323) Empire collapses into various kingdoms. The Lasting Effects Greek language spreads. Communication across cultures. Greek philosophy creates a new mental climate. Science and learning flourish. Library of Alexandria founded. Old Testament translated into Greek (Septuagint). Non-Greeks reading the OT before Jesus even born. Maccabean Wars 167-140 Jews lived in peace under Egyptian Greeks. But in 170’s Palestine fell under Syrian Greeks, The Seleucid Kings. Antiochus Epiphanes. Loyal Jews, Hellenizing Jews. Persecution, Martyrdom. The Great Revolt, Judas Maccabeus. Then Jonathan, then Simon. Victory secured with help of Rome. John Hyrcanus (140). Rome Rome founded 753 B.C. Under Etruscan domination. Borrowed Etruscan culture and religion but not language. 500’s Lucretia raped, Rome becomes a Republic. Italian peninsula slowly brought under Roman control via various means. 282-275 War against King Phyrrus Carthage A Phonecian colony Founded c. 1000 b.c. Spread its culture over much of North Africa. Developed into an economic and sea power. Uninterested in land conquest except as an aid to business. First Punic War 264-241 The Sicilian Connection. War erupts. Carthage dominates at sea. Lose a ship. Romans build fleet. Add the “Corvus.” See-saw war finally ends. Roman Victory. Hamilcar Barca furious. Second Punic War Part I 218-202 Hamilcar forces an oath Hannibal seethes with hatred. Carthage loses Corsica and Sicily but takes Spain. Hannibal takes command. Rome’s ally doctrine. Saguntum attacked. Expedition to Carthage. War Second Punic War Part II Hannibal’s mixed army. Crossing of the Alps. Gauls revolt, join Hannibal. Battle of Trebia Battle of Lake Trasimine. Scipio the younger saves his father. Fabius becomes dictator. Battle of Cannae Varro takes command. 80-90 thousand Romans and allies formed into one army. Meet Hannibal at Cannae in southern Italy. Hannibal’s cavalry drives off Roman cavalry. Roman center pulled into Hannibal’s center. Hannibal’s cavalry returned. Roman army surrounded. 50-70 thousand Romans and allies slaughtered. Rome could have been annihilated then. 70,000 Dead!! Second Punic War Part III Fabius vindicated. His radical reforms. Peninsular War ensues. Some Italian cities defect to Hannibal. Romans attack Hannibal allies using better mobility. Hannibal tries to protect allies, appeals to Carthage uselessly. Capua punished for treason. Second Punic War Part IV Scipio invades Spain. Captures New Carthage. Hasdrubal attempts to help Hannibal. Hasdrubal killed. Scipio returns to Italy, invades Africa. Numidians defect to Rome. Hannibal recalled. Zama and the end of the War. The Effects of the War Core of Roman empire built by accident. Rome undisputed superpower of Medditerranean. Created in Rome a pre-emptive personality, thus causing more expansion. Lesser states preferring to be on Rome’s side before any conflict even arises (Pergamum). Social upheaval caused by a flood of slaves. Greece conquered as Macedonia had to be punished. Greek culture infuses Roman culture. Social Unrest-Dictators Appear 200-44 B.C. After the SPW, Rome flawlessly governed the world, but not itself. Slaves (unwillingly) displaced the free poor. Votes for sale or riot. Gracchii brothers fatally wound the Republic. Social War ends in victory-defeat. Most Italians become Roman citizens (including a small town called Vilatri). Marrus and Sulla become (modern) Dictators. Civil Wars plague Roman world. Pompey Conquers Jerusalem 64 Pompey outstanding military mind. Sent to East to quell piracy and rebellion. Defeats the corrupt Hasmonean Dynasty in Judea. Jerusalem captured, Temple raided. Romans allow Jews to practice faith. Pay for daily prayers for Rome. The First Triumvirate 60-53 Pompey, Julius Caesar and Crassus form an alliance. Pompey marries Caesar’s daughter (true love). Julius Caesar becomes governor of Cisalpine Gaul, invades Celtic Gaul to “help allies.” Pompey goes east (as said earlier). Crassus loans his head to the theatre (Carrhae). Conquest of Gaul Caesar spends 10 years subjugating Gaul. Gauls finally unite under Vercingetorix Senate becomes suspicious of Caesar, hopes he simply dies. The Great Battle of Alesia. Senate recalls Caesar. Ceasar crosses the Rubicon Civil War erupts. Civil War 49-45 Pompey flees to East. Caesar invades Spain. Caesar invades Greece. Almost loses. The battle of Pharsalus Pompey killed in Egypt. Caesar invades Egypt. Cleopatra has his son, Caesarion. Civil War ends in Africa. The Ides of March 44 Caesar makes friends with the common man. The aristocracy fears loss of both Republic and privileges. Brutus (Caesar’s adopted son), joins conspiracy. Caesar assassinated in forum. Public opinion lay with Caesar. Will read. “Who’s this guy?” Octavius Caesar Julius adopted his young nephew Octavius as his heir. From Vilatri, sickly, bad soldier, tendency to black out. Octavius immediately inherited Caesar’s name and clients. Caesar’s veterans recognized him as their leader. Brief war between Antony and Octavius. Formed a shaky alliance with Marc Antony and Lepidus. The Proscriptions. Herod the Great appointed King of Judea (40). Herod the Great 74-4 B.C. Originally an Arab but converted to Judaism A total puppet king. Built Caesarea in honor of guess who? Married many wives, had many children. Slowly descended into madness and jealousy. Murdered many of his wives and sons. Promoted Roman culture (infuriating pious Jews). Built the Great Temple (kept them from rebelling). Antony and Cleopatra Antony heads east. Marries Cleopatra Caesar accuses Antony of sexual treason. War between Rome and Cleopatra Sea battle of Actium (30 B.C.) Antony and Cleopatra flee to Egypt. Caesar annexes Egypt, slays Caesarion. Returns to Rome as sole ruler. Lepidus forced into retirement. Republic Ended (Theoretically). Caesar never formally ended Republic. Senate kept intact. Has himself declared Principes (first citizen). Is given full command of all armies not in Italy (Imperator). World’s first family-values moralist. Forces Julia to divorce and marries her, though she already has a son, Tiberius. Is declared Augustus (exalted one). Imperial Rome Augustus reigned so long, he outlived anyone who remembered the Republic. Imposed peace via crucifixion and great roads; Pax Romana. Merchants loved it! But Greek (not Latin) was the dominant language. Augustus wanted to tax the people so he ordered several censuses. Augustus’ own family members die. Tiberius groomed as successor. The Great Dream For centuries an expectation of a God-King had been growing. The Stoics predicted the “Great Stoic.” Numerous legends and myths of a great god being born among men who would defeat evil and usher in paradise. The Indian epic “The Ramayana.” The prophecy in Rome, the failed infanticide. God preparing the world for Jesus. Christ is Born 6 B.C. Forgive the monk’s mistake. Legend of Augustus’ consultation with the Sibyl. Caesar calls for a census. Joseph from Nazareth takes pregnant wife Mary to his town of birth, Bethlehem. Magi from Persia come in search. Joseph and Mary flee to Egypt (Alexandria). Herod slaughters the new-born of Bethlehem. Dies Psychological authentication. Joseph returns to Nazareth (4 B.C.) Battle of Teutoburg Forest 9 A.D. When Jesus was 15, Rome suffered a terrible defeat. Northern France/Germany Varus led three legions into thick woods. Deceived by Arminius. Totally slaughtered. Germany never conquered. Horrified Caesar. Encouraged all rebels in empire including Judea. Augustus Dies A.D. 14 Caesar dies. Tiberius becomes Emperor. Appoints Pontius Pilate governor of Judea. 24 A.D. a wild man preaching in the Jordan River, cries out “Prepare the way of the Lord!!”