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Introduction to animals Introduction to Animals Symmetry Body Symmetry Body Symmetry • Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis • Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges) Body Symmetry • Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms) • Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little) Body Symmetry • Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane • Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other • More complex type of symmetry Body Symmetry • Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile • Animals have an anterior and posterior ends • Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end) _______ Which of the following includes the most different kinds of organisms? a. class b. domain c. family d . phylum e. kingdom. Traits Characteristics of Animals • All multicellular • Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles) • Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it) • Store food reserves as glycogen • Animals range in size from 25meter-long blue whales to microscopic rotifers. 5. Most animals have Hox genes. Control head to tail development in embryos Lions Feeding (Ingestion) Support Systems • Have some type of skeletal support • Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone • Exoskeletons found in arthropods – Cover the outside of the body – Limit size – Must be shed or molted making animal vulnerable to predators Cicada Molting Exoskeleton Support Systems • Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support • Called hydrostatic skeletons Movement • Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) • Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) • Animals that can move are motile • Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement SESSILE Sponge SEDENTARY Chiton MOTILE Cheetah Reproduction in Animals • All animals are capable of sexual reproduction • Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm • Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs Leeches Exchange Sperm During Mating leech Mating Reproduction in Animals • Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized • Called Parthenogenesis • New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon Female Beetles Mating Courtship Young Male Mating and Mating Behaviors Levels of Organization • Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level • All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system • Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions) • Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues Atom Molecule or compound Levels of Organization Organ Tissue Organ system Organelle CELL Life begins Organism Invertebrate groups Characteristics of Invertebrates • Simplest animals • Contain the greatest number of different species • Most are aquatic (found in water) • Do NOT have a backbone • Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms Phyla Porifera simplest animals sponges. Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge Characteristics o Simplest of all animals o Contain specialized cells but no other organization level o Most are marine o Saltwater sponges are brightly colored o Freshwater sponges are small and dull green color o Size – 2 meters to 2 cm Characteristics oPorifera means pore-bearing oWater enters through pores bringing in food and oxygen oFilter feeders on plankton WATER OUT Water Flow Through the Sponge WATER IN Osculu m Sponge Skeletons SPICULES VENUS FLOWER BASKET Sponge Reproduction o Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual) o Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding Branching Tube Sponge Vase Sponges Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish Phyla Cnidarians or coelenterate Cnidaria comes from the Greek work cnidos meaning stinging gastrovascular cavity • Cnidarians are made up of two tissue layers separated by mesoglea. • The ectoderm layer has three cell types. • contracting cells • nerve cells • cnidocytes (which contain nematocysts) http://video.nationalg eographic.com/videobarbs /player/animals/inver tebratesanimals/otherinvertebrates/plankto discharged nematocyst coiled nematocyst mouth mesoglea tentacle oral arms • Cnidarians have two body forms. 5.polyps In the polyp form of a coral, the tentacles and mouth face upward. • 6. medusas In the medusa form of a jellyfish, the tentacles and mouth face downward. 1. mouth 3. tentacle 5. ectoderm (epidermis) 6. mesoderm (mesoglea 7. endodrem (gastrodermis 8. gastrovascular cavi 11. bud 12. stalk 13. basal disk nematoc ytes filament trigger c Barb b cnidocyte a charged Discharged • The four major cnidarian classes are defined by their dominant body form. 1. Anthozoans such as sea anemones have a dominant polyp stage. 2. Scyphozoans are true jellyfish with a dominant medusa form. 3. Cubozoans such as box jellies and sea wasps have a dominant medusa form 4. Hydrozoans such as hydra alternate between forms. . • Anthozoans • sea anemones and corals • dominant polyp stage. Scyphozoa • Most familiar • Common jellies • Range in size from 5 millimeters to several meters cubozoa • Complex eyes • Swim very quickly • Four tenticles • Hydrozoans • alternate between forms. • Most never have a medusa stage http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/invertebratesanimals/other-invertebrates/manowar_portuguese.html Complex eyes Polyp reduced or lost Medusa produced by lateral bud Radial symmetry and cnidocytes Life cycle of the cnidarian • Asexual reproductionBudding – – a bud will form on the side –Break off and form a new polyp • Sexual –Male and female medusa