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Mrs. Earland 2012
Animal Kingdom Part 1 –
Animals in General, Sponges & Cnidarians
Part A - What is an animal and how to they do stuff?
What characteristics do all animals share?
1. Heterotrophs: _________________________________
2. ______________: Bodies are composed of more than 1 cell
3. Eukaryotic: ____________________________________
______________________________________________
4. No cell walls
Two main divisions:
Invertebrate: ______________________
Vertebrate: _______________________
Trends in Animal Evolutions & Essential Functions
1. Levels of Organization
2. Cephalization:_____________________________________
- Associated with development of
symmetry and the development of a
3. Tissue layers:
A. Endoderm: _________________________
B. Mesoderm: _________________________
C. Ectoderm: _________________________
Some animals only have two tissue layers (_______________ and _______________). These animals
are called:
___________________. Ex) Jellyfish
Most animals have all three tissue layers: ___________________
3. Development of a coelom
Coloem:_____________________________________
4. Embryological Development:
 Bilateral animals can be divided into two main groups based on embryological development
 Protostomes
› Body cavity forms within a space between the body wall and the digestive cavity
› Blastopore becomes mouth
› e.g., arthropods, annelids, mollusks
 Deuterostomes
› Body cavity forms as an outgrowth of the digestive cavity
› Blastopore becomes anus
› e.g. echinoderms, chordates
5. Symmetry
A. ______________________: Mostly in simple organisms.
________________________________________________________
B. Bilateral Symmetry: __________________________________
_________________________________________________
Specialized anterior (_________), posterior (tail/back/end), _____________ (upper surface) and
ventral (bottom surface)
5. Reproduction: Asexual (______________) and sexual
A. ____________ development: “Babies” (offspring) look like adults (they get bigger as they get older,
but don’t change ___________)
B. Indirect development: ____________________
Ex) Tadpole to frog
6. Feeding
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_______________________: Eats plants
_______________________ : Eats animals
_______________________ : Eats plants and animals
_______________________ : Lives off of a host
_______________________ : Strains floating plants and animals from surrounding water
_______________________ : Feeds on decaying plants and animals (detrius)
The Essential 7:
Part B - Porifera: “Pore bearing” animals
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Simplest Animal - Commonly referred to as
Adults are
- can’t move on their own
Lack true tissues and organs, most are unspecialized –
Incomplete digestive system

Sponge structure:
o See Fig 16.10 p. 561.
Ancient & mostly marine
Close to 5,000 species divided into 3 classes:
Cells Types & Functions in Sponges:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Porocytes:
Collar Cells:
Osculum:
Spicules:
a. Some sponges have skeletons made by both ____________ and ________________.
5. Amebocytes:
Porifera Feeding: They are FILTER FEEDERS
Sponges are characterized by the possession of a feeding system unique among animals. Poriferans don't have
mouths; instead, they have tiny pores in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Cells in the sponge
walls filter goodies from the water as the water is pumped through the body and out other larger openings. The
flow of water through the sponge is unidirectional, driven by the beating of flagella which line the surface of
chambers connected by a series of canals. Sponge cells perform a variety of bodily functions and appear to be
more independent of each other than are the cells of other animals.
Reproduction:
Sexual:
Asexual:
Gemmules:
Budding:
Phylum Cnidaria: the hydra, anemones, & jellyfish – Radial symmetry
›
.
- Cells organized into distinct tissues
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Rudimentary nerve network and contractile tissue
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No
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Incomplete Digestive System -
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Reproduce sexually and asexually
 Polyp Medusa Some cnidarians exist in both forms and some one or the other
Classes of Cnidarians:
 Hydrozoaex
 Scyphozoaex
 Anthozoaex