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Transcript
Date: Friday January 13th 2012 Name: __________________ Biology Chapter 3 and 4 Test K: ___/25 T/I: ___/15 C: ___/13 A: ___ / 10 Total: ___/63 Part A: Knowledge [25 marks] 1. Identify the function of each of the following organ systems [3 marks] a) digestive system It is the system that takes in, breaks up, and digests food and then excretes the waste. b) Circulatory system: It is the system that transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the boy and carries away the wastes. c) Respiratory system: It is the system that provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body. 2. List 2 key organs for each of the systems listed in question 1 and identify the function for each of the listed organs.[6 marks] *answers may vary Organ Associated Organ System Function of the Organ Trachea Respiratory Lined with cilia hairs that move mucus and filters out foreign material Bronchi Respiratory Where gas exchange takes place between air and blood Blood Circulatory Connective tissue that transports gases as it circulates throughout the body Heart Circulatory Moves blood throughout the body Stomach Digestive Hold food & churn it Mouth Digestive Mechanically breaks down food 3. Briefly describe one difference between plants and animals that applies to all plants and animals. [2 marks] -plants are capable of photosynthesis, using energy from the sun to produce food 4. Please label the diagram below [10 marks] 5. Explain how the structure of each of the following types of blood vessels suits its function [4 marks] a) Capillaries -very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between blood and other body tissues b) Arteries -since under greater pressure, they have thick walls Part B: Thinking [15 marks] 1. The circulation in a fetus is different from the circulation in an infant because a fetus lacks pulmonary circulation. Blood flows from the right side of the fetal heart through the opening in the septum to the left side of the heart. The opening in the septum closes at birth. However, there are incidences that the opening does not close as shown below. The condition is called a septal defect. Explain why a septal defect can be lethal. [3 marks] -in normal heart, blood that is low in oxygen returns from body to the right filling chamber. It passes a valve into the right pumping chamber, and then travels out to lungs to receive oxygen. The blood then travels to the left filling chamber, across a valve to the left pumping chamber, and out to the body through the aorta. -this defect would create new passages for the blood, and would have an effect on the direction and momentum of blood movement which could have serious effects on the individual that has the defect. 2. A student’s backyard contains two maple trees. One maple tree has a trunk that is 2 metres in diameter, and one maple tree has a trunk that is 3 metres in diameter. Which tree is older? Explain your answer. [3 marks] There are two cylinders of lateral meristem within their stems. The outer cylinder produces cork to replace old epidermal cells. The inner cylinder produces phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside. The phloem and cork form the bark of the tree, whereas the rings of xylem tissues from the interior. The xylem keeps accumulating and causes the trunk to increase in diameter. So the 3 metre tree is older. 3. A hedge always grows new leaves after it is pruned. However a human cannot grow a new finger if it is lost in an accident. Explain why animals and plants respond differently to the loss of a body part. [3 marks] Plants have undifferentiated cells in the meristem. They not only provide the plant with a steady supply of precursor cells to form differentiated tissues and organs in a plant, but they maintain themselves. That is to say they self-renew themselves so that the number of undifferentiated cells is maintained. In animals, embryonic stem cells are no longer present in a fully developed organism. 4. Describe the differences between embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells. [ 2 marks] Embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into any kind of cell. Tissue stem cells exist within specialized tissue. They are only able to differentiate into certain types of cells. For example, tissue stem cells found in bone marrow can differentiate into white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets. 5.Name and describe the system shown below, include the path blood follows. [4 marks] The circulatory System -the three main parts are the blood, the heart, and the blood vessels -the system transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away waste -oxygenated blood travels from lungs to heart and is pumped into arteries which eventually branch into capillaries. This is where gas exchange takes place -deoxygenated blood makes its way back to heart and is pumped to the lungs Part C: Communication [13 marks] 1. Describe the path an apple takes as it goes through your digestive system [5 marks] Food enters the body through the mouth and exits through the anus. In between, it undergoes digestion (from the mouth to the stomach), absorption (from the stomach to the small intestines), and elimination (from the large intestine, or colon, to the anus). In most cases, these three stages of food processing take place in a total of about twenty-four hours in a relatively healthy individual. This journey takes place in what is on the average over three metres of a single connected tube from the mouth to the anus. 2. Why is a leaf’s design important to the life of a plant? Include a diagram. [5 marks] The leaf is the main photosynthetic structure of the plant. It is crucial for the plant to convert light energy into glucose. Some are also adapted for support, protection, reproduction, and attraction. The palisade layer is near the top because that is where most of the chloroplasts are – the side of photosynthesis. The spongy layer is towards the bottom because that where where gas exchange takes place – space is needed inbetween cells Guard cells a stomata are located on the leaf underside to reduce water loss. The leaf is covered with cuticle which adds protection and keeps the leaf from drying out. 3. Imagine you are a carbon atom that is part of a compound floating in the air. Describe your journey in into a plant and the changes that take place there. Then describe how you become part of an animal and how you return to the air. In each phase, tell what chemical compound you are part of. [3 marks] The carbon atom is part of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The gas enters a special opening in the leaf surface called a stomata. It enters the cells of the spongy mesophyll and is passed to the palisade layer where photosynthesis takes place. Here is takes part in the photosynthesis reaction and is converted into glucose. The carbon atom, now part of glucose, can be transported to various parts of the plant via the phloem. Let us say the glucose was used in the production of fruit. The animal consumes the fruit for the purpose of seed dispersal. The glucose is broken down inside the mitochondria of the animal cells as part of cellular respiration. It is converted back to carbon dioxide and exhaled by the animal. Part D: Application [10 marks] 1. One type of tree disease is caused by a fungus that plugs up the xylem in a tree’s trunk. Why could this kill a tree? [2 marks] This does not allow the tree to transport water to areas beyond where the xylem is plugged by the fungus. 2. Why are the stem cells from a newborn baby’s umbilical cord blood considered to be tissue stem cells? [2 marks] They cannot differentiate into all cell types; they can develop only into any of the various kind of blood cells. Therefore they are more similar to tissue stem cells than embryonic. 3. Why is there no hierarchy of organization within single-celled organisms? [2 marks] With only one cell, they cannot form tissues, organs, or organ systems. 4. Every 30 seconds, a patient dies from diseases that could be treated with organ transplantation or tissue replacement. Explain how stem cells could be used as part of a solution to this problem. [4 marks] -ideas could include transplants of stem cells, the use of scaffold materials that send signals to spur stem cells into action. –the scaffold also provide a basic structure for the stem cells to build on and generate a new organ that eventually could be transplanted into a human. –this would decrease the reliance on organs from donors.