Download Name: Date: Friday January 13th 2012 Biology Chapter 3 and 4 Test

Date: Friday January 13th 2012
Name: __________________
Biology Chapter 3 and 4 Test
K: ___/25
T/I: ___/15
C: ___/13
A: ___ / 10
Total: ___/63
Part A: Knowledge [25 marks]
1. Identify the function of each of the following organ systems [3 marks]
a) digestive system
It is the system that takes in, breaks up, and digests food and then excretes the
waste.
b) Circulatory system:
It is the system that transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the boy and carries
away the wastes.
c) Respiratory system:
It is the system that provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave
the body.
2. List 2 key organs for each of the systems listed in question 1 and identify the function for
each of the listed organs.[6 marks]
*answers may vary
Organ
Associated Organ
System
Function of the Organ
Trachea
Respiratory
Lined with cilia hairs that move mucus and filters out
foreign material
Bronchi
Respiratory
Where gas exchange takes place between air and
blood
Blood
Circulatory
Connective tissue that transports gases as it
circulates throughout the body
Heart
Circulatory
Moves blood throughout the body
Stomach
Digestive
Hold food & churn it
Mouth
Digestive
Mechanically breaks down food
3. Briefly describe one difference between plants and animals that applies to all plants and
animals. [2 marks]
-plants are capable of photosynthesis, using energy from the sun to produce food
4. Please label the diagram below [10 marks]
5. Explain how the structure of each of the following types of blood vessels suits its function [4
marks]
a) Capillaries
-very thin walls that allow substances to diffuse between blood and other body
tissues
b) Arteries
-since under greater pressure, they have thick walls
Part B: Thinking [15 marks]
1. The circulation in a fetus is different from the circulation in an infant because a fetus lacks
pulmonary circulation. Blood flows from the right side of the fetal heart through the opening in
the septum to the left side of the heart. The opening in the septum closes at birth. However,
there are incidences that the opening does not close as shown below. The condition is called a
septal defect. Explain why a septal defect can be lethal. [3 marks]
-in normal heart, blood that is low in oxygen returns from body to the right filling
chamber. It passes a valve into the right pumping chamber, and then travels out to lungs
to receive oxygen. The blood then travels to the left filling chamber, across a valve to the
left pumping chamber, and out to the body through the aorta.
-this defect would create new passages for the blood, and would have an effect on the
direction and momentum of blood movement which could have serious effects on the
individual that has the defect.
2. A student’s backyard contains two maple trees. One maple tree has a trunk that is 2 metres
in diameter, and one maple tree has a trunk that is 3 metres in diameter. Which tree is older?
Explain your answer. [3 marks]
There are two cylinders of lateral meristem within their stems. The outer cylinder
produces cork to replace old epidermal cells. The inner cylinder produces phloem on the
outside and xylem on the inside. The phloem and cork form the bark of the tree, whereas
the rings of xylem tissues from the interior. The xylem keeps accumulating and causes
the trunk to increase in diameter. So the 3 metre tree is older.
3. A hedge always grows new leaves after it is pruned. However a human cannot grow a new
finger if it is lost in an accident. Explain why animals and plants respond differently to the loss of
a body part. [3 marks]
Plants have undifferentiated cells in the meristem. They not only provide the plant with a
steady supply of precursor cells to form differentiated tissues and organs in a plant, but
they maintain themselves. That is to say they self-renew themselves so that the number
of undifferentiated cells is maintained. In animals, embryonic stem cells are no longer
present in a fully developed organism.
4. Describe the differences between embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells. [ 2 marks]
Embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into any kind of cell. Tissue stem cells
exist within specialized tissue. They are only able to differentiate into certain types of
cells. For example, tissue stem cells found in bone marrow can differentiate into white
blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.
5.Name and describe the system shown below, include the path blood follows. [4 marks]
The circulatory System
-the three main parts are the blood, the heart, and the blood
vessels
-the system transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body and carries away waste
-oxygenated blood travels from lungs to heart and is pumped
into arteries which eventually branch into capillaries. This is
where gas exchange takes place
-deoxygenated blood makes its way back to heart and is pumped
to the lungs
Part C: Communication [13 marks]
1. Describe the path an apple takes as it goes through your digestive system [5 marks]
Food enters the body through the mouth and exits through the anus. In between, it undergoes
digestion (from the mouth to the stomach), absorption (from the stomach to the small intestines), and
elimination (from the large intestine, or colon, to the anus). In most cases, these three stages of food
processing take place in a total of about twenty-four hours in a relatively healthy individual. This
journey takes place in what is on the average over three metres of a single connected tube from the
mouth to the anus.
2. Why is a leaf’s design important to the life of a plant? Include a diagram. [5 marks]
The leaf is the main photosynthetic structure of the plant. It is crucial for the plant to convert light
energy into glucose. Some are also adapted for support, protection, reproduction, and attraction.
The palisade layer is near the top
because that is where most of the
chloroplasts are – the side of
photosynthesis.
The spongy layer is towards the bottom
because that where where gas
exchange takes place – space is needed
inbetween cells
Guard cells a stomata are located on
the leaf underside to reduce water loss.
The leaf is covered with cuticle which adds protection and keeps the leaf from drying out.
3. Imagine you are a carbon atom that is part of a compound floating in the air. Describe your
journey in into a plant and the changes that take place there. Then describe how you become
part of an animal and how you return to the air. In each phase, tell what chemical compound
you are part of. [3 marks]
The carbon atom is part of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The gas enters a special opening in the
leaf surface called a stomata. It enters the cells of the spongy mesophyll and is passed to the palisade
layer where photosynthesis takes place. Here is takes part in the photosynthesis reaction and is
converted into glucose. The carbon atom, now part of glucose, can be transported to various parts of
the plant via the phloem.
Let us say the glucose was used in the production of fruit. The animal consumes the fruit for the
purpose of seed dispersal. The glucose is broken down inside the mitochondria of the animal cells as
part of cellular respiration. It is converted back to carbon dioxide and exhaled by the animal.
Part D: Application [10 marks]
1. One type of tree disease is caused by a fungus that plugs up the xylem in a tree’s trunk. Why
could this kill a tree? [2 marks]
This does not allow the tree to transport water to areas beyond where the xylem is
plugged by the fungus.
2. Why are the stem cells from a newborn baby’s umbilical cord blood considered to be tissue
stem cells? [2 marks]
They cannot differentiate into all cell types; they can develop only into any of the various
kind of blood cells. Therefore they are more similar to tissue stem cells than embryonic.
3. Why is there no hierarchy of organization within single-celled organisms? [2 marks]
With only one cell, they cannot form tissues, organs, or organ systems.
4. Every 30 seconds, a patient dies from diseases that could be treated with organ
transplantation or tissue replacement. Explain how stem cells could be used as part of a
solution to this problem. [4 marks]
-ideas could include transplants of stem cells, the use of scaffold materials that send
signals to spur stem cells into action. –the scaffold also provide a basic structure for the
stem cells to build on and generate a new organ that eventually could be transplanted
into a human. –this would decrease the reliance on organs from donors.