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Activity 7: Nervous System Histology, Brain, & Cranial Nerves Chapters 14 & 15 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e. Objectives: • Histology: Identify structures indicated on three different slides or images of nervous system tissue. Some of these are also visible on the classroom model of a neuron. • Human brain: Identify listed structures of the human brain on classroom models, the cranial meninges, and structures involved in cerebrospinal fluid circulation. • Human brain: Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number on a model and on the sheep brain. • Dissect a sheep brain and identify structures listed. Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei & Cristin Fail 1 Nervous System Tissues: Spinal Cord Smear (Histology) 2 Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Illustration) 3 Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology) 4 Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology) 5 Nervous System Tissues: Teased Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Histology) 6 Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Model 7 Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Illustration 8 Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain 9 Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 10 Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain 11 Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 12 Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 13 Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum 14 Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum • Cerebral hemispheres are divided by the longitudinal fissure into left and right sides • Central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from parietal lobes 15 Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain 16 Brain Anatomy – White Matter of Cerebrum 17 Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Hemispheres 18 Brain Anatomy – Hemispheric Lateralization 19 Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain 20 Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain & their Functions Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe • Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) • Voluntary motor functions • Concentration • Verbal communication • Decision making • Planning • Personality • Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) • Sensory functions (Pain, heat and other sensations) • Comprehension of language Occipital Lobe • Primary Visual Cortex • Processing visual information • Storing visual memories Temporal Lobe Brain Stem • Understanding Speech • Interpretation and storage of auditory and olfactory sensations • Breathing • Swallowing • Heart rate Includes Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum • Coordination • Balance • Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns 21 Brain Anatomy – Primary Somatosensory Cortex The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is proportional to how richly innervated that region is. 22 Brain Anatomy – Homunculus Model Which model is more realistic? 23 Brain Anatomy – Cross-section Brain Model 1. 2. Corpus Callosum Corpora Quadrigemina (Tectal Plate) • Superior Colliculus (pl. colliculi) • Inferior Colliculus 3. Cerebellum (Arbor Vitae) 4. 4th Ventricle 5. Central canal of spinal cord 6. Medulla Oblongata 7. Pons 8. Pituitary gland 9. Optic Chiasm 10. Hypothalamus 11. Thalamus 12. Septum Pellucidum 13. Fornix 14. Pineal Gland 24 Brain Anatomy – Corpus Callosum • Carries messages between the left and right hemispheres • Its under surface forms the roof of the body of the lateral ventricle. 25 Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon • Sits on top of the brain stem • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres • Made of three parts • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus 26 Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon 27 Brain Anatomy – Epithalamus & Pineal Gland • Pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone Melatonin. • Melatonin helps regulate day-night cycles known as the body’s Circadian Rhythm. 28 Brain Anatomy – Thalamus & the Interthalamic Adhesion • The Interthalamic Adhesion is located midsagitally and connects the left and right thalamic bodies 29 Brain Anatomy – Hypothalamus Includes: • Mammillary Body • Infundibulum • Pituitary Gland • Optic Chiasm • Optic Tracts • 3rd Ventricle 30 Brain Anatomy – Functions of Hypothalamus • Master control of the autonomic nervous system • Heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities and respiration • Master control of the endocrine system • Metabolism, growth, stress responses and reproduction • Regulation of body temperature • Body’s “thermostat”, detects altered blood temperatures, heat or cool the body: shivering/sweating • Control of emotional behavior • Emotional responses: pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment and sex drive • Control of food intake • Monitors levels of glucose and amino acids in the blood and produces sensations of hunger • Control of water intake • Monitors blood solute concentration • Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms • The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus directs the Pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms. 31 Brain Anatomy – Brain Stem Includes: • Midbrain (mesencephalon) • Pons • Medulla Oblongata 32 Brain Anatomy – Overview of Brain Stem Functions 33 Brain Anatomy – Midbrain Includes: • Corpora Quadrigemina (tectal plate) • Superior Colliculus: Visual reflex center (turns eyes and head in response to visual stimulus) • Inferior Colliculus: Auditory reflex center (turns eyes and head in the direction of a sound) • Cerebral Peduncles 34 Brain Anatomy – Pons Functions: • Bridge between the cerebellum and cerebrum • Houses cranial nerves • Trigeminal (CN V) • Abducens (CN VI) • Facial (CN VII) • Some of the nuclei for Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) • Helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing 35 Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata Functions: • Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction • Controls blood pressure • Regulates respiratory rate • Involved in coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, gagging and vomiting 36 Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons 37 Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons 38 Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum Functions: • Processes sensory input • Coordinates movement output • Balance Includes: • Vermis • Separates right and left hemispheres • Arbor Vitae (“tree of life”) 39 Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum 40 Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum 41 Brain Anatomy – Meninges and Spaces 42 Brain Anatomy – Cranial Dural Septa 43 Brain Anatomy – Dural Venous Sinuses 44 Brain Anatomy – Ventricles 45 Brain Anatomy – Ventricles 46 Brain Anatomy – Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid 47 Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves 1. Olfactory nerve (I) 2. Optic nerve (II) 3. Oculomotor nerve (III) 4. Trochlear nerve (IV) 5. Trigeminal nerve (V) 6. Abducens nerve (VI) 7. Facial nerve (VII) 8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) 9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) 10. Vagus Nerve (X) 11. Accessory Nerve (XI) 12. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 48 Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves 49 Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves Sensory, Motor or Both 1. Some 2. Say 3. Marry 4. Money 5. But 6. My 7. Brother 8. Says 9. Big 10.Brains 11.Matter 12.Most 50 Brain Anatomy – Origins of Cranial Nerves 51 Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 52 Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 53 Brain Anatomy – Trigeminal Nerve 54 Brain Anatomy – Facial Nerve 55 Brain Anatomy – Vestibulocochlear Nerve 56 Brain Anatomy – Glossopharyngeal Nerve 57 Brain Anatomy – Vagus Nerve 58 Brain Anatomy – Accessory & Hypoglossal Nerve 59 Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei Includes: • Caudate Nucleus • Lentiform Nucleus • Putamen • Globus Pallidus • Claustrum • Amygdaloid body 60 Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei 61 Brain Anatomy – Functions of Cerebral Nuclei • Caudate • Spatial processing • Posture and directed movements • Putamen • Controls muscular movements at the subconscious level • Globus Pallidus • Excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control muscle tone • Amygdaloid body • Expression of emotions , control of behavioral activities, development of moods • Claustrum • Processes visual information at a subconscious level 62 Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain B. A. G. F. C. E. D. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif 63 Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain A. Central Sulcus B. Frontal Lobe C. Lateral Fissure A. (groove) G. B. D. Temporal Lobe F. E. Transverse Fissure F. Occipital Lobe C. (groove) G. Parietal Lobe E. D. (groove) 64 http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif