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Introduction
WELCOME TO
ANCIENT
ROME
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Rome began as a small village on the Italian
peninsula in Europe. Rome grew into an
empire. The little white dot on this map is the
city of Rome.
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The orange-colored land shows all the territory
that Rome controlled. This territory was broken
up into smaller pieces called “provinces.”
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Ancient Rome
In ancient times, you could apply to
become a Roman citizen.
Would you have wanted to be a
citizen? You might have! Like
Greece, Rome was a lively place.
But the Romans were very different
than the Greeks.
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Ancient Rome
The Romans were
realists, not
idealists.
If a Roman leader
had a big nose, that’s
how Roman artists
made him look. The
Greeks would have
given him a perfect
nose.
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Ancient Rome
The Romans were
great builders.
Everywhere they
went, they built great
roads. All roads led
to Rome.
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But Rome was not built in a day.
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Kingdom of Rome
ROME
AS A
KINGDOM
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A New Home
It all started around 2750 years ago, when the
early Romans found the land of the seven hills
on the Tiber River, near the Mediterranean Sea.
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A New Home
The ancient Romans had been looking for a
place to settle down. The land of the seven hills
had everything!
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A New Home
Wow!
What a place!
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•
Seven hills
Tiber River
Mediterranean Sea
Fertile land
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A New Home
They built homes on top of one of the seven
hills.
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Protection
Wall: They built a
wall around their city
to defend against
attack.
Bridge: They built
a bridge across the
Tiber River to reach
their farmlands easily.
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Romulus and Remus
The early Romans boasted that the city of Rome
had been founded by the twin sons of the war
god Mars. The boys were named Romulus and
Remus. As the legend goes...
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Romulus and Remus
Once upon a time, a beautiful princess heard
about a plot to harm her children, twin sons of
the war god Mars.
She put the boys adrift
on the river, hoping
someone would find
them and love them.
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Romulus and Remus
First they were found by
a she-wolf who fed them.
Then a shepherd and his
wife adopted the twins.
The boys did not want
to take care of sheep.
They wanted to be
kings.
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Romulus and Remus
The boys left home in search of a place to rule.
Many people came with them. One day, they
entered the land of the seven hills. They settled
down immediately and began to build a town.
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Romulus and Remus
Both boys wanted to be king. The twins
quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a
rock and killed his brother. Romulus declared
himself king of Rome.
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Early Roman Kings
The ancient Romans
believed that to be a king,
you had to be related to a
god.
According to the legend of
Romulus and Remus, Rome
was started by two sons of a
god and a princess.
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Right to Rule
All the kings thereafter
proved their “right to rule”
by claiming they were
descendants of
Romulus and Remus,
twin sons of the war
god Mars.
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King Tarquin
For centuries, kings ruled
the ancient Romans in
the land of the seven
hills. Some kings were
good. Some kings were
bad.
One king was very bad
indeed. His name was
King Tarquin the Proud.
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King Tarquin
Around 500 BCE, the people said, “We’ve had it
with you, King Tarquin the Mean, the Nasty, the
Unfair. Leave our city and never return.” They
chased him out of town.
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Roman Republic
ROME
AS A
REPUBLIC
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Roman Republic
The Roman people vowed
never to be ruled by a king
again.
Men from influential families
set up a new form of
government—a republic.
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Republic Rulers
Rome was ruled by
• The Senate (men
from Rome’s
important families)
• Two consuls
(elected by the
Senate; each consul
served a term of one
year)
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SPQR
They chiseled the
letters SPQR on
Roman monuments,
armor, coins, and park
benches.
SPQR
SPQR means the
Senate and the
People of Rome.
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Twelve Tables
The Senate created a new
set of laws called the
Twelve Tables.
First, citizens voted on
each law to determine
if the law was fair
or not.
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Twelve Tables
The laws voted “fair” were then written down on
metal tablets and put on display.
Rich or poor, everyone had to obey the law.
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Twelve Tables
Here are two of the new laws:
• If you are called to go to
court and do not show
up, you can be taken to
court by force.
• If it’s your tree, it’s your
fruit, even if it falls on
another man’s land.
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Great Builders
More homes: As time went on, they built homes
and streets on all seven hills.
Big wall: To protect their city, they built a new
wall that encircled all seven hills.
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Rome Grew
Rome was a crowded, noisy,
dusty city with beautiful
temples, gracious homes,
and apartments for the
workers. Shops lined the
streets.
The republic was a
lively place!
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Roman Classes
Two groups of people lived
in Rome:
• Patricians—rich
nobles
• Plebeians—everyone
else, including well-todo workers, all the way
down to the poor
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Roman Families
The oldest male was head of the family.
In ancient Rome, everyone in a family lived
together—kids, parents, and grandparents.
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Roman Families
The head of the family had
great power.
He had the power to
sell a family member
into slavery. A
woman’s job was to
care for the kids and
the house. Under the
republic, women had
little freedom.
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Rome Daily Life
The ancient Romans
started their day with
breakfast.
The rich ate fresh fish,
fruits, vegetables, bread,
and honey. The poor ate
bread, olives, cheese, and
raisins.
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Togas and Tunics
Then they got dressed to
go out.
Only nobles could wear
a toga. But togas were
troublesome. They kept
falling off. Most Romans
wore a tunic instead.
Toga
Tunic 37
Roman Men
Men: Noblemen wore white
tunics. Workers wore black
tunics.
Rings were the only jewelry
worn by Roman men. It
was considered good taste
to wear only one ring.
Some men wore as many
as sixteen rings anyway.
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Roman Women
Women: Women wore
long tunics, leather
sandals, and big red or
blonde wigs.
Necklaces, pins,
earrings, bracelets,and
rings were popular.
They carried fans
and parasols made of
peacock feathers.
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Roman Girls
Girls: Girls wore a simple
tunic with a belt at the
waist. When they went
outside, they wore a
second tunic that reached
their feet.
Around 200 BCE, many
girls started to attend
school outside the home.
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Roman Boys
Boys: Boys wore a white
tunic down to their knees
with a crimson border.
At about age 16, a boy
became a man. From then
on, he wore an all white
tunic, which signified that
he was a citizen of Rome.
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Roman Bulla
Bulla: Children wore a locket
called a bulla, which was
given to them at birth. The
Romans believed a bulla
protected a child from evil.
A girl wore her bulla until her
wedding night. A boy wore his
until he became a citizen.
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Roman Slaves
Slaves: Slaves had no
rights. They were
property and were
bought and sold.
Some slaves were well
treated. Others were
not.
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The Forum
The Forum was the main marketplace and
business center.
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Shops
Banks
Temples
Festivals
Ceremonies
Poets
Jugglers
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The Forum
The Forum was a place for
public speaking.
The job of a Roman orator
was to argue persuasively.
At the Forum, you might
hear a court case or
someone giving a speech.
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Education
The goal of education in ancient Rome
was to be an effective speaker.
The school day
started at 5 a.m.
and continued until
5 p.m. Kids got a
break for lunch and
a short nap.
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Education
Kids learned how to read, write, and count.
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Scrolls
Handwritten books
Roman numerals
Roman alphabet
Greek
Latin
Literature
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Roman Baths
Next stop, the baths!
During the republic, the
baths were for patrician men
only. They offered
• Heated swimming
pools
• Reading rooms
• Barber shops
• Food
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Roman Baths
A trip to the baths was an important part of
ancient Roman daily life.
Roman noblemen visited the
baths once a day. It was a place
to conduct business, while
soaking in hot water.
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Roman Siestas
In the afternoon, wealthy Romans enjoyed a
midday meal and a nap.
The upper class ate a cold lunch at home, then
took a nap or relaxed with friends.
The poor worked constantly.
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Roman Homes
Plebeians lived in small
apartments.
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One room
Made of wood
Threat of fire
No running water
No toilets
No sanitation
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Roman Homes
Patricians lived in large houses.
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Single-family homes
Brick, with red tile roofs
Running water
Bathrooms
Paintings
Mosaic tile floors
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Roman Gods
The ancient Romans had
gods for everything.
Each major god, like Mars,
had his or her own temple.
There were temples all
over Rome.
Every home had a
household god.
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Roman Gods
The ancient Romans believed everything had a
spirit in charge of it, right down to the latch spirit
who lived in their
front door and kept
it from sticking.
The ancient
Romans made time
each day to honor
their many gods.
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Roman Gods
The ancient Romans
were always adding
new gods. If another
culture had a god that
appealed to them,
they gave the god a
Roman name and
adopted it.
They adopted all
the Greek gods.
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Roman Gods
Although Jupiter (Zeus) was
adopted from the Greeks,
he soon became the most
powerful Roman god of all.
His wife Juno (Hera) was
incredibly jealous, just as
she was in Greek
mythology.
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Roman Gods
Greek
Zeus
Hera
Poseidon
Hades
Apollo
Aphrodite
Ares
Hermes
Roman
Jupiter
Juno
Neptune
Pluto
Apollo
Venus
Mars
Mercury
Jobs
King
Queen
Sea
Underworld
Reason
Love
War
Speed/Travel
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Roman Theater
Plays were
performed during
religious festivals
only. Actors were
men.
Actors used masks
and pantomime to
make sure
everyone could
follow along.
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Roman Sports
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Ball games
Riding
Wrestling
Throwing
Catching
Swimming
Hunting
Fishing
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Chariot Racing
Races were conducted on public roads that
wound between the seven hills.
Winners won prizes. Losers were wished better
luck next time.
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Court Cases
Trials were held at the Forum.
Both sides talked at once. A judge tried to hear
what they were shouting, and then made a
decision on the case. Some people found this
vastly entertaining.
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Kids Games
After school, kids played
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Ball games
Board games
Kites
Dolls
Wooden swords
The ancient Romans
loved games.
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Entertainment
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Theater
Sports
Chariot racing
Court cases
Visits with friends
Kids’ games
The baths
Stories
Festivals
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Evenings at Home
Wealthy Romans
lit oil lamps to
enjoy the evening.
The poor went to
bed as soon as it
got dark. They
were exhausted.
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Roman Legions
Roman legionaries
were paid
professional soldiers.
Their job was to
conquer people and
claim land for Rome.
They did a really good
job!
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Expansion
Soldiers gained land wealth.
Conquered people had to
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Pay taxes
Provide troops
Give up their land
Relocate
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Roman Legions
The army was
organized into legions.
Each legion had
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5000 men
Its own leader
Its own banner
Its own number
Each legion had a
nickname.
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Roman Legions
They moved camp every day. Every night,
they fortified a new camp space.
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Looked for open land
Set up camp in the middle of the open land
Camp was always in a rectangle shape
Carried a wood fence and fenced the camp
Dug a ditch beyond the fence for added
protection
• Guards stood watch along the perimeter
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Roman Legions
Each legion flew its own banner.
Each fighting group within a legion had its
own banner. As men wandered around camp,
greeting friends or drilling, they could easily
find their way back to their group by looking
for their banners flying high.
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Roman Legions
A legionary’s uniform included
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Rectangular shield
Short sword
Dagger
Belt
Metal jacket
Dress helmet
Kilt and shirt
Hobnailed sandals
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Roman Legions
Rome’s army won again!
Some towns accepted defeat
before the battle even started.
The common soldiers helped
to build roads in the new
provinces.
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Roman Roads
Each time a new city was conquered, a road
was built from that city back to Rome.
Roads were built in straight lines. Many had
gutters. Some had curbstones.
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Milestones
Milestones told how far it was to Rome.
Some milestones were six feet
high so you could read them from
a chariot. Milestones were road
signs.
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Punic Wars
Carthage was a city-state on the coast of
North Africa. Carthage controlled three
islands: Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.
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Punic Wars
One day, Rome decided that Carthage needed to
join the Roman Republic. Carthage disagreed.
They fought for 20 years!
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Punic Wars
Carthage said, “If you’ll go
away and leave us alone,
we’ll give you the island of
Sicily.”
Rome took the deal. Rome,
however, also took Sardinia
and Corsica.
Carthage was furious, but it was tired of
fighting Rome.
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Hannibal
Hannibal swore an oath.
Carthage sent a general to
Spain to make up for the land
Rome had taken.
The general made his son
Hannibal swear that as soon as
he was old enough, he would
make Rome pay for all the lives
lost in the Punic War.
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Hannibal
A military genius!
Hannibal joined the
military. He won most of
his battles by coming
up with tricky ideas.
One time, he had his
men dump barrels of
live snakes on the deck
of an enemy ship.
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Hannibal
Elephants crossed the Alps!
Hannibal attacks Rome from the north.
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Hannibal
The provinces were afraid to join him.
Hannibal and
his men stayed
on the Italian
peninsula for 15
years, causing
trouble where
they could.
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Republic Fails
Many years passed…
The legions were busy
conquering new
territories. Rome grew
and grew.
Rome had problems.
Things were not fair
anymore.
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Republic Fails
In the provinces…
Elected officials used
their positions to get
rich. Tax collectors
began demanding
huge sums of money.
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Republic Fails
In the city of Rome…
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Crime was everywhere
No police force
People were afraid
Private armies
People were unhappy
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Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was a
powerful leader. People
gathered in the Forum to
hear what he had to say.
“I can solve Rome’s
problems!” said
Julius Caesar.
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Julius Caesar
Caesar’s legions enter Rome.
The law stated that no general could enter
Rome with an army. Julius Caesar ignored this
law. He took over the government. The people
called him “Father of the Homeland.”
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Cicero and Caesar
Cicero, one of the leaders of the Senate,
said:
“I see no reason for my being alarmed except
the fact that, once departure has been made
from law, everything is uncertain; and nothing
can be guaranteed as to the future which
depends upon another man’s will, not to say
caprice … When Caesar declared himself
dictator for life, his action was in direct violation
of the principles of a constitutional republic.”
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Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar ruled for five years.
The Senate recognized that
Caesar was solving some of
Rome’s problems, but it did
not want Caesar in charge.
Caesar did not call himself a
king, but he acted like a king.
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Julius Caesar
“Et tu, Brute?”
In 44 BCE, Julius Caesar was
assassinated by twenty
senators. They stabbed him to
death. They were all people
Caesar trusted. One of his
killers was his best friend,
Brutus. “Et tu, Brute?” is the
famous phrase Caesar
supposedly said as he died.
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(“You too, Brutus?”)
Roman Empire
ROME
AS AN EMPIRE
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Civil War
After the assassination of
Julius Caesar, civil war
broke out. The war lasted
for 13 years. Octavian
promised the people
peace. He managed to gain
absolute rule. The Senate
gave him the title Augustus.
Augustus, first Roman Emperor
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Augustus
Augustus kept his
promises. He established
peace, which allowed
trade to flow more
smoothly. He introduced a
uniform code of justice.
The Senate maintained
some power, but it was
clear that real power was
held by Augustus.
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Pax Romana
Augustus ruled for 45 years. During that time,
Rome was at peace. This period is called the Pax
Romana, or “Roman Peace.” The people got used
to being ruled by a single leader. Rome went on to
greatness as an empire, but the Roman Republic
was no more.
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Similarities
Some things stayed the same under the
leadership of the emperors:
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Families still lived in one home
Old age still honored
Everyone still had to worship Roman gods
The forum was still the center of each town
The rich lived in beautiful homes
The poor worked all the time
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Improvements
Roman legionaries kept
the peace.
Fighting in the streets
stopped.
Emperors used the Roman
legion to keep the peace.
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Government
The Senate lost power.
The great orators of the
Senate were still speaking
in the Forum.
Their role in government
was greatly decreased.
They acted as advisors to
the all-powerful emperor.
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Women
Women gained many
freedoms.
Roman women could
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Own land
Run businesses
Free slaves
Make wills
Inherit wealth
Get a paying job
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Roman Baths
Anyone could use the baths.
The baths opened their
doors to women and
plebeians.
Baths had separate
hours for men and
women.
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Roman Baths
The baths grew in size and offered many
activities:
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Heated pools
Saunas
Steam rooms
Exercise rooms
Reading rooms
Beauty salons
Stores and shops
Fast food
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Roman Theaters
Small theatres could
seat 7000 people!
Plays featured
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Paid actors
Music
Pantomime
Masks
Lively action
Puns
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Roman Spectacles
Enormous public
buildings were
constructed.
The Romans loved the fabulous
events offered to the public.
These events were called
spectacles. Admission was
free!
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Circus Maximus
Crowds of 250,000 came to see chariot racing!
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Circus Maximus
There were races every day. People cheered
for their favorite team.
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Colosseum
Gladiators! 50,000 seated spectators!
This huge public
entertainment center
offered bloody combat.
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Colosseum
Gladiators were superstars.
The Roman crowds decided if a
loser lived or died.
• Wave a handkerchief, he lived
• Thumbs down, he died
• Majority ruled
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Campus
Outdoor park near
the Tiber River
The campus was a
public park. It was
used for field
sports, wrestling,
and exercising.
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Spartacus
Famous slave and gladiator
Spartacus escaped from
the slave quarters. He led
a small band of gladiators
out of Rome. 90,000
slaves ran away to join
him.
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Spartacus
This threatened the Roman way of life.
The Romans were dependent upon slaves. They
could not let Spartacus succeed. They hunted him
for two years. When they finally caught him, they
killed Spartacus and everyone with him.
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Pompeii
How do we know so much
about ancient Roman daily
life? From Pompeii.
Pompeii was a Roman
city that was buried by
a volcanic eruption.
2000 years later,
archaeologists
uncovered Pompeii.
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Mosaic Tile
One of the things archaeologists found were
ancient Roman mosaics made of small pieces of
colored tile. Several mosaics said Cave Canem,
which means “Beware of Dog.”
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Nero
The empire lasted for
500 years.
In the 500 years Rome
was an empire, there were
over 140 emperors.
Some emperors were
good. Some emperors
were bad. One of the bad
emperors was Nero.
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Nero
Christianity began.
While Nero was emperor,
a new religion sprang up
in Rome. It was called
Christianity.
Christians believed in one
god. They refused to
worship the Roman gods.
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Nero
Nero persecuted Christians.
Nero told his army to
hunt down Christians.
Once they confessed
to being Christians,
they were thrown to
the lions in the
Colosseum as part of
the entertainment.
112
Nero
Nero threw many Christians to the lions.
• He murdered his mother.
• He murdered his wife.
• He ordered members of
the Senate to kill
themselves (which they
did not do).
• He killed himself.
Nero was insane.
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Christians Persecuted
Over the next 200 years,
other emperors
persecuted Christians.
Christians refused to
worship Roman gods.
This was illegal.
Christians were
perceived as criminals.
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Rise of Christianity
In spite of persecution,
Christians grew
rapidly in numbers.
Christians looked for
converts. They told
people about the
benefits of being
Christian.
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Rise of Christianity
What was the appeal
of Christianity to
the poor?
• Life after death
• Equal opportunity
116
200 Years Later
Rome was still in charge of
the Mediterranean, but
Rome had problems!
Rome had suffered under
the leadership of many
crazy and inept emperors.
The army decided to
choose an emperor. They
chose Diocletian.
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Two Roman Empires
Emperor Diocletian split
the Roman Empire into
two pieces!
“Our empire is too big
for one person to rule. I
declare the empire is
now in two pieces!” said
Emperor Diocletian.
118
Reforms
Emperor Diocletian
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Limited military service
Levied new taxes
Restored the treasury
Made coins that had
value
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Roman Coins
Coins were used to promote the empire.
Coins were not just used
to buy things. They also:
• Depicted the
emperor
• Depicted new
buildings
• Praised wise
decisions
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Christians Persecuted
Emperor Diocletian believed Christianity was a
threat to the empire.
He ordered
• A return to the temples
• The worship of the old
Roman gods
• The destruction of
Christian places of
worship
• The death of all Christians
121
Constantine
Christianity became
legal!
Finally in 313 CE, Emperor
Constantine ruled that
Christians would no longer
be persecuted for their
beliefs.
122
Constantinople
The city of Constantinople was founded.
123
Eastern Empire
The Eastern Empire flourished!
124
Back in Rome
Things were falling apart:
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Barbarians were attacking outposts
Provinces were overtaxed
Roman roads needed repair
Supplies were not reaching the provinces
Trade goods were not reaching Rome
Prices increased, trade decreased
Poor people were starving
The rich were not interested in Rome’s
problems
125
More Problems
By 400 CE, things in Rome were even worse!
Rome suffered from
• Daily barbarian attacks in the
provinces
• Corruption in the military
• Bad leadership in the government
126
More Problems,
Continued
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High unemployment
Excessive taxation
Starvation and disease
Low food supplies from poorly managed farms
127
Rome Falls
Five barbarian tribes
were attacking:
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Huns
Franks
Vandals
Saxons
Visigoths
In 476 CE, the Visigoths sacked Rome.
128
Achievements
GIFTS
FROM THE ROMANS
129
Rome Rule
In the Mediterranean, Rome was in charge for a
very long time:
• Rome was a monarchy for 200 years
• Rome was a republic for 500 years
• Rome was an empire for 500 years
All roads led to Rome for 1200 years.
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Legacies
Two important legacies
survived the fall:
• The Latin Language
• The Christian faith
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Roman Gifts
Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the
ancient Romans.
Concrete
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Roman Gifts
Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the
ancient Romans.
Concrete
Roman
Roads
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Roman Gifts
Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the
ancient Romans.
Concrete
Roman Aqueducts
Roads
134
Roman Gifts
Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the
ancient Romans.
Concrete
Roman Aqueducts Latin
Roads
Language
135
Roman Gifts
Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the
ancient Romans.
Concrete
Roman Aqueducts Latin
Christian
Roads
Faith
Language
136
Roman Gifts
Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the
ancient Romans.
Concrete
Roman Aqueducts Latin
Christian Rings,
Roads
Faith
Language
Games
137
Quiz
1. Name two important things
that happened during the
Roman Republic.
2. What is an empire?
3. Why did the Romans offer
free spectacles to all the
people of Rome?
4. Name two reasons Rome fell.
5. Name two important legacies
of the Roman Empire.
138