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Introduction WELCOME TO ANCIENT ROME 2 Rome began as a small village on the Italian peninsula in Europe. Rome grew into an empire. The little white dot on this map is the city of Rome. 3 The orange-colored land shows all the territory that Rome controlled. This territory was broken up into smaller pieces called “provinces.” 4 Ancient Rome In ancient times, you could apply to become a Roman citizen. Would you have wanted to be a citizen? You might have! Like Greece, Rome was a lively place. But the Romans were very different than the Greeks. 5 Ancient Rome The Romans were realists, not idealists. If a Roman leader had a big nose, that’s how Roman artists made him look. The Greeks would have given him a perfect nose. 6 Ancient Rome The Romans were great builders. Everywhere they went, they built great roads. All roads led to Rome. 7 But Rome was not built in a day. 8 Kingdom of Rome ROME AS A KINGDOM 9 A New Home It all started around 2750 years ago, when the early Romans found the land of the seven hills on the Tiber River, near the Mediterranean Sea. 10 A New Home The ancient Romans had been looking for a place to settle down. The land of the seven hills had everything! 11 A New Home Wow! What a place! • • • • Seven hills Tiber River Mediterranean Sea Fertile land 12 A New Home They built homes on top of one of the seven hills. 13 Protection Wall: They built a wall around their city to defend against attack. Bridge: They built a bridge across the Tiber River to reach their farmlands easily. 14 Romulus and Remus The early Romans boasted that the city of Rome had been founded by the twin sons of the war god Mars. The boys were named Romulus and Remus. As the legend goes... 15 Romulus and Remus Once upon a time, a beautiful princess heard about a plot to harm her children, twin sons of the war god Mars. She put the boys adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them and love them. 16 Romulus and Remus First they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the twins. The boys did not want to take care of sheep. They wanted to be kings. 17 Romulus and Remus The boys left home in search of a place to rule. Many people came with them. One day, they entered the land of the seven hills. They settled down immediately and began to build a town. 18 Romulus and Remus Both boys wanted to be king. The twins quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock and killed his brother. Romulus declared himself king of Rome. 19 Early Roman Kings The ancient Romans believed that to be a king, you had to be related to a god. According to the legend of Romulus and Remus, Rome was started by two sons of a god and a princess. 20 Right to Rule All the kings thereafter proved their “right to rule” by claiming they were descendants of Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the war god Mars. 21 King Tarquin For centuries, kings ruled the ancient Romans in the land of the seven hills. Some kings were good. Some kings were bad. One king was very bad indeed. His name was King Tarquin the Proud. 22 King Tarquin Around 500 BCE, the people said, “We’ve had it with you, King Tarquin the Mean, the Nasty, the Unfair. Leave our city and never return.” They chased him out of town. 23 Roman Republic ROME AS A REPUBLIC 24 Roman Republic The Roman people vowed never to be ruled by a king again. Men from influential families set up a new form of government—a republic. 25 Republic Rulers Rome was ruled by • The Senate (men from Rome’s important families) • Two consuls (elected by the Senate; each consul served a term of one year) 26 SPQR They chiseled the letters SPQR on Roman monuments, armor, coins, and park benches. SPQR SPQR means the Senate and the People of Rome. 27 Twelve Tables The Senate created a new set of laws called the Twelve Tables. First, citizens voted on each law to determine if the law was fair or not. 28 Twelve Tables The laws voted “fair” were then written down on metal tablets and put on display. Rich or poor, everyone had to obey the law. 29 Twelve Tables Here are two of the new laws: • If you are called to go to court and do not show up, you can be taken to court by force. • If it’s your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land. 30 Great Builders More homes: As time went on, they built homes and streets on all seven hills. Big wall: To protect their city, they built a new wall that encircled all seven hills. 31 Rome Grew Rome was a crowded, noisy, dusty city with beautiful temples, gracious homes, and apartments for the workers. Shops lined the streets. The republic was a lively place! 32 Roman Classes Two groups of people lived in Rome: • Patricians—rich nobles • Plebeians—everyone else, including well-todo workers, all the way down to the poor 33 Roman Families The oldest male was head of the family. In ancient Rome, everyone in a family lived together—kids, parents, and grandparents. 34 Roman Families The head of the family had great power. He had the power to sell a family member into slavery. A woman’s job was to care for the kids and the house. Under the republic, women had little freedom. 35 Rome Daily Life The ancient Romans started their day with breakfast. The rich ate fresh fish, fruits, vegetables, bread, and honey. The poor ate bread, olives, cheese, and raisins. 36 Togas and Tunics Then they got dressed to go out. Only nobles could wear a toga. But togas were troublesome. They kept falling off. Most Romans wore a tunic instead. Toga Tunic 37 Roman Men Men: Noblemen wore white tunics. Workers wore black tunics. Rings were the only jewelry worn by Roman men. It was considered good taste to wear only one ring. Some men wore as many as sixteen rings anyway. 38 Roman Women Women: Women wore long tunics, leather sandals, and big red or blonde wigs. Necklaces, pins, earrings, bracelets,and rings were popular. They carried fans and parasols made of peacock feathers. 39 Roman Girls Girls: Girls wore a simple tunic with a belt at the waist. When they went outside, they wore a second tunic that reached their feet. Around 200 BCE, many girls started to attend school outside the home. 40 Roman Boys Boys: Boys wore a white tunic down to their knees with a crimson border. At about age 16, a boy became a man. From then on, he wore an all white tunic, which signified that he was a citizen of Rome. 41 Roman Bulla Bulla: Children wore a locket called a bulla, which was given to them at birth. The Romans believed a bulla protected a child from evil. A girl wore her bulla until her wedding night. A boy wore his until he became a citizen. 42 Roman Slaves Slaves: Slaves had no rights. They were property and were bought and sold. Some slaves were well treated. Others were not. 43 The Forum The Forum was the main marketplace and business center. • • • • • • • Shops Banks Temples Festivals Ceremonies Poets Jugglers 44 The Forum The Forum was a place for public speaking. The job of a Roman orator was to argue persuasively. At the Forum, you might hear a court case or someone giving a speech. 45 Education The goal of education in ancient Rome was to be an effective speaker. The school day started at 5 a.m. and continued until 5 p.m. Kids got a break for lunch and a short nap. 46 Education Kids learned how to read, write, and count. • • • • • • • Scrolls Handwritten books Roman numerals Roman alphabet Greek Latin Literature 47 Roman Baths Next stop, the baths! During the republic, the baths were for patrician men only. They offered • Heated swimming pools • Reading rooms • Barber shops • Food 48 Roman Baths A trip to the baths was an important part of ancient Roman daily life. Roman noblemen visited the baths once a day. It was a place to conduct business, while soaking in hot water. 49 Roman Siestas In the afternoon, wealthy Romans enjoyed a midday meal and a nap. The upper class ate a cold lunch at home, then took a nap or relaxed with friends. The poor worked constantly. 50 Roman Homes Plebeians lived in small apartments. • • • • • • One room Made of wood Threat of fire No running water No toilets No sanitation 51 Roman Homes Patricians lived in large houses. • • • • • • Single-family homes Brick, with red tile roofs Running water Bathrooms Paintings Mosaic tile floors 52 Roman Gods The ancient Romans had gods for everything. Each major god, like Mars, had his or her own temple. There were temples all over Rome. Every home had a household god. 53 Roman Gods The ancient Romans believed everything had a spirit in charge of it, right down to the latch spirit who lived in their front door and kept it from sticking. The ancient Romans made time each day to honor their many gods. 54 Roman Gods The ancient Romans were always adding new gods. If another culture had a god that appealed to them, they gave the god a Roman name and adopted it. They adopted all the Greek gods. 55 Roman Gods Although Jupiter (Zeus) was adopted from the Greeks, he soon became the most powerful Roman god of all. His wife Juno (Hera) was incredibly jealous, just as she was in Greek mythology. 56 Roman Gods Greek Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades Apollo Aphrodite Ares Hermes Roman Jupiter Juno Neptune Pluto Apollo Venus Mars Mercury Jobs King Queen Sea Underworld Reason Love War Speed/Travel 57 Roman Theater Plays were performed during religious festivals only. Actors were men. Actors used masks and pantomime to make sure everyone could follow along. 58 Roman Sports • • • • • • • • Ball games Riding Wrestling Throwing Catching Swimming Hunting Fishing 59 Chariot Racing Races were conducted on public roads that wound between the seven hills. Winners won prizes. Losers were wished better luck next time. 60 Court Cases Trials were held at the Forum. Both sides talked at once. A judge tried to hear what they were shouting, and then made a decision on the case. Some people found this vastly entertaining. 61 Kids Games After school, kids played • • • • • Ball games Board games Kites Dolls Wooden swords The ancient Romans loved games. 62 Entertainment • • • • • • • • • Theater Sports Chariot racing Court cases Visits with friends Kids’ games The baths Stories Festivals 63 Evenings at Home Wealthy Romans lit oil lamps to enjoy the evening. The poor went to bed as soon as it got dark. They were exhausted. 64 Roman Legions Roman legionaries were paid professional soldiers. Their job was to conquer people and claim land for Rome. They did a really good job! 65 Expansion Soldiers gained land wealth. Conquered people had to • • • • Pay taxes Provide troops Give up their land Relocate 66 Roman Legions The army was organized into legions. Each legion had • • • • 5000 men Its own leader Its own banner Its own number Each legion had a nickname. 67 Roman Legions They moved camp every day. Every night, they fortified a new camp space. • • • • • Looked for open land Set up camp in the middle of the open land Camp was always in a rectangle shape Carried a wood fence and fenced the camp Dug a ditch beyond the fence for added protection • Guards stood watch along the perimeter 68 Roman Legions Each legion flew its own banner. Each fighting group within a legion had its own banner. As men wandered around camp, greeting friends or drilling, they could easily find their way back to their group by looking for their banners flying high. 69 Roman Legions A legionary’s uniform included • • • • • • • • Rectangular shield Short sword Dagger Belt Metal jacket Dress helmet Kilt and shirt Hobnailed sandals 70 Roman Legions Rome’s army won again! Some towns accepted defeat before the battle even started. The common soldiers helped to build roads in the new provinces. 71 Roman Roads Each time a new city was conquered, a road was built from that city back to Rome. Roads were built in straight lines. Many had gutters. Some had curbstones. 72 Milestones Milestones told how far it was to Rome. Some milestones were six feet high so you could read them from a chariot. Milestones were road signs. 73 Punic Wars Carthage was a city-state on the coast of North Africa. Carthage controlled three islands: Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. 74 Punic Wars One day, Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the Roman Republic. Carthage disagreed. They fought for 20 years! 75 Punic Wars Carthage said, “If you’ll go away and leave us alone, we’ll give you the island of Sicily.” Rome took the deal. Rome, however, also took Sardinia and Corsica. Carthage was furious, but it was tired of fighting Rome. 76 Hannibal Hannibal swore an oath. Carthage sent a general to Spain to make up for the land Rome had taken. The general made his son Hannibal swear that as soon as he was old enough, he would make Rome pay for all the lives lost in the Punic War. 77 Hannibal A military genius! Hannibal joined the military. He won most of his battles by coming up with tricky ideas. One time, he had his men dump barrels of live snakes on the deck of an enemy ship. 78 Hannibal Elephants crossed the Alps! Hannibal attacks Rome from the north. 79 Hannibal The provinces were afraid to join him. Hannibal and his men stayed on the Italian peninsula for 15 years, causing trouble where they could. 80 Republic Fails Many years passed… The legions were busy conquering new territories. Rome grew and grew. Rome had problems. Things were not fair anymore. 81 Republic Fails In the provinces… Elected officials used their positions to get rich. Tax collectors began demanding huge sums of money. 82 Republic Fails In the city of Rome… • • • • • Crime was everywhere No police force People were afraid Private armies People were unhappy 83 Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was a powerful leader. People gathered in the Forum to hear what he had to say. “I can solve Rome’s problems!” said Julius Caesar. 84 Julius Caesar Caesar’s legions enter Rome. The law stated that no general could enter Rome with an army. Julius Caesar ignored this law. He took over the government. The people called him “Father of the Homeland.” 85 Cicero and Caesar Cicero, one of the leaders of the Senate, said: “I see no reason for my being alarmed except the fact that, once departure has been made from law, everything is uncertain; and nothing can be guaranteed as to the future which depends upon another man’s will, not to say caprice … When Caesar declared himself dictator for life, his action was in direct violation of the principles of a constitutional republic.” 86 Julius Caesar Julius Caesar ruled for five years. The Senate recognized that Caesar was solving some of Rome’s problems, but it did not want Caesar in charge. Caesar did not call himself a king, but he acted like a king. 87 Julius Caesar “Et tu, Brute?” In 44 BCE, Julius Caesar was assassinated by twenty senators. They stabbed him to death. They were all people Caesar trusted. One of his killers was his best friend, Brutus. “Et tu, Brute?” is the famous phrase Caesar supposedly said as he died. 88 (“You too, Brutus?”) Roman Empire ROME AS AN EMPIRE 89 Civil War After the assassination of Julius Caesar, civil war broke out. The war lasted for 13 years. Octavian promised the people peace. He managed to gain absolute rule. The Senate gave him the title Augustus. Augustus, first Roman Emperor 90 Augustus Augustus kept his promises. He established peace, which allowed trade to flow more smoothly. He introduced a uniform code of justice. The Senate maintained some power, but it was clear that real power was held by Augustus. 91 Pax Romana Augustus ruled for 45 years. During that time, Rome was at peace. This period is called the Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace.” The people got used to being ruled by a single leader. Rome went on to greatness as an empire, but the Roman Republic was no more. 92 Similarities Some things stayed the same under the leadership of the emperors: • • • • • • Families still lived in one home Old age still honored Everyone still had to worship Roman gods The forum was still the center of each town The rich lived in beautiful homes The poor worked all the time 93 Improvements Roman legionaries kept the peace. Fighting in the streets stopped. Emperors used the Roman legion to keep the peace. 94 Government The Senate lost power. The great orators of the Senate were still speaking in the Forum. Their role in government was greatly decreased. They acted as advisors to the all-powerful emperor. 95 Women Women gained many freedoms. Roman women could • • • • • • Own land Run businesses Free slaves Make wills Inherit wealth Get a paying job 96 Roman Baths Anyone could use the baths. The baths opened their doors to women and plebeians. Baths had separate hours for men and women. 97 Roman Baths The baths grew in size and offered many activities: • • • • • • • • Heated pools Saunas Steam rooms Exercise rooms Reading rooms Beauty salons Stores and shops Fast food 98 Roman Theaters Small theatres could seat 7000 people! Plays featured • • • • • • Paid actors Music Pantomime Masks Lively action Puns 99 Roman Spectacles Enormous public buildings were constructed. The Romans loved the fabulous events offered to the public. These events were called spectacles. Admission was free! 100 Circus Maximus Crowds of 250,000 came to see chariot racing! 101 Circus Maximus There were races every day. People cheered for their favorite team. 102 Colosseum Gladiators! 50,000 seated spectators! This huge public entertainment center offered bloody combat. 103 Colosseum Gladiators were superstars. The Roman crowds decided if a loser lived or died. • Wave a handkerchief, he lived • Thumbs down, he died • Majority ruled 104 Campus Outdoor park near the Tiber River The campus was a public park. It was used for field sports, wrestling, and exercising. 105 Spartacus Famous slave and gladiator Spartacus escaped from the slave quarters. He led a small band of gladiators out of Rome. 90,000 slaves ran away to join him. 106 Spartacus This threatened the Roman way of life. The Romans were dependent upon slaves. They could not let Spartacus succeed. They hunted him for two years. When they finally caught him, they killed Spartacus and everyone with him. 107 Pompeii How do we know so much about ancient Roman daily life? From Pompeii. Pompeii was a Roman city that was buried by a volcanic eruption. 2000 years later, archaeologists uncovered Pompeii. 108 Mosaic Tile One of the things archaeologists found were ancient Roman mosaics made of small pieces of colored tile. Several mosaics said Cave Canem, which means “Beware of Dog.” 109 Nero The empire lasted for 500 years. In the 500 years Rome was an empire, there were over 140 emperors. Some emperors were good. Some emperors were bad. One of the bad emperors was Nero. 110 Nero Christianity began. While Nero was emperor, a new religion sprang up in Rome. It was called Christianity. Christians believed in one god. They refused to worship the Roman gods. 111 Nero Nero persecuted Christians. Nero told his army to hunt down Christians. Once they confessed to being Christians, they were thrown to the lions in the Colosseum as part of the entertainment. 112 Nero Nero threw many Christians to the lions. • He murdered his mother. • He murdered his wife. • He ordered members of the Senate to kill themselves (which they did not do). • He killed himself. Nero was insane. 113 Christians Persecuted Over the next 200 years, other emperors persecuted Christians. Christians refused to worship Roman gods. This was illegal. Christians were perceived as criminals. 114 Rise of Christianity In spite of persecution, Christians grew rapidly in numbers. Christians looked for converts. They told people about the benefits of being Christian. 115 Rise of Christianity What was the appeal of Christianity to the poor? • Life after death • Equal opportunity 116 200 Years Later Rome was still in charge of the Mediterranean, but Rome had problems! Rome had suffered under the leadership of many crazy and inept emperors. The army decided to choose an emperor. They chose Diocletian. 117 Two Roman Empires Emperor Diocletian split the Roman Empire into two pieces! “Our empire is too big for one person to rule. I declare the empire is now in two pieces!” said Emperor Diocletian. 118 Reforms Emperor Diocletian • • • • Limited military service Levied new taxes Restored the treasury Made coins that had value 119 Roman Coins Coins were used to promote the empire. Coins were not just used to buy things. They also: • Depicted the emperor • Depicted new buildings • Praised wise decisions 120 Christians Persecuted Emperor Diocletian believed Christianity was a threat to the empire. He ordered • A return to the temples • The worship of the old Roman gods • The destruction of Christian places of worship • The death of all Christians 121 Constantine Christianity became legal! Finally in 313 CE, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christians would no longer be persecuted for their beliefs. 122 Constantinople The city of Constantinople was founded. 123 Eastern Empire The Eastern Empire flourished! 124 Back in Rome Things were falling apart: • • • • • • • • Barbarians were attacking outposts Provinces were overtaxed Roman roads needed repair Supplies were not reaching the provinces Trade goods were not reaching Rome Prices increased, trade decreased Poor people were starving The rich were not interested in Rome’s problems 125 More Problems By 400 CE, things in Rome were even worse! Rome suffered from • Daily barbarian attacks in the provinces • Corruption in the military • Bad leadership in the government 126 More Problems, Continued • • • • High unemployment Excessive taxation Starvation and disease Low food supplies from poorly managed farms 127 Rome Falls Five barbarian tribes were attacking: • • • • • Huns Franks Vandals Saxons Visigoths In 476 CE, the Visigoths sacked Rome. 128 Achievements GIFTS FROM THE ROMANS 129 Rome Rule In the Mediterranean, Rome was in charge for a very long time: • Rome was a monarchy for 200 years • Rome was a republic for 500 years • Rome was an empire for 500 years All roads led to Rome for 1200 years. 130 Legacies Two important legacies survived the fall: • The Latin Language • The Christian faith 131 Roman Gifts Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the ancient Romans. Concrete 132 Roman Gifts Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the ancient Romans. Concrete Roman Roads 133 Roman Gifts Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the ancient Romans. Concrete Roman Aqueducts Roads 134 Roman Gifts Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the ancient Romans. Concrete Roman Aqueducts Latin Roads Language 135 Roman Gifts Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the ancient Romans. Concrete Roman Aqueducts Latin Christian Roads Faith Language 136 Roman Gifts Here are some gifts we enjoy today from the ancient Romans. Concrete Roman Aqueducts Latin Christian Rings, Roads Faith Language Games 137 Quiz 1. Name two important things that happened during the Roman Republic. 2. What is an empire? 3. Why did the Romans offer free spectacles to all the people of Rome? 4. Name two reasons Rome fell. 5. Name two important legacies of the Roman Empire. 138