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Sample Set 1 ROUND 1 TOSS-UP 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common term used in genetics to describe the observable physical characteristics of an organism caused by the expression of a gene or set of genes? ANSWER: PHENOTYPE BONUS 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the biological term most often used for the act of a cell engulfing a particle by extending its pseudopodia (read as: SU-doe-POH-dee-ah) around the particle? ANSWER: PHAGOCYTOSIS TOSS-UP 8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Human epidermis is mostly composed of which of the following basic animal tissues types: W) epithelial X) connective Y) nervous Z) muscle ANSWER: W) EPITHELIAL BONUS 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What are the 2 basic categories of lymphocyte cells? ANSWER: T AND B (ACCEPT: B AND T CELLS) TOSS-UP 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer How many embryonic seed leaves does a bean seedling have? ANSWER: 2 BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 5 plants that are dicots: wheat; geranium; garlic; bamboo; rose ANSWER: GERANIUM; ROSE TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice If a plant had a taproot, it would also most likely have: W) parallel leaf venation X) two cotyledons in its seedling stage Y) diffusely arranged vascular bundles in its stem Z) no stomata on the upper surfaces of its leaves ANSWER: X) TWO COTYLEDONS IN ITS SEEDLING STAGE BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Using the traditional system of classification, when organisms belong to the same class, name all of the following 4 taxonomic categories to which they must also belong: order; family; phylum; kingdom ANSWER: PHYLUM; KINGDOM TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the genus name of the most thoroughly studied bacterium? ANSWER: Escherichia BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 processes that do NOT occur in E. coli: glycolysis; photosynthesis; glycogenolysis (read as: GLYKO-jen-oh-LY-sis) ANSWER: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Round 2 TOSS-UP 2) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the MOST common anatomical synonym for ventral, when locating a part of the human body in relation to another part? ANSWER: ANTERIOR BONUS 2) BIOLOGY Short Answer What are the names for the pyrimidine bases found in DNA? ANSWER: CYTOSINE; THYMINe TOSS-UP 9) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what chamber of the human heart does blood carried by the left pulmonary artery leave? ANSWER: RIGHT VENTRICLE BONUS 9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What human gland or organ produces tri-iodothyronine (read as: TRY- I-OH-doh-THYrow-neen)? ANSWER: THYROID Toss-Up 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer Yersinia, Drosophila and Homo are all what taxonomical category? ANSWER: GENUS (ACCEPT: GENERA) BONUS 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what monosaccharide is cellulose primarily composed? ANSWER: GLUCOSE (ACCEPT: Β-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL or D-GLUCOSE) TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer The sinoatrial (read as: sine-oh-AYE-tree-al) node is located in what human organ? ANSWER: HEART BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer In what chamber of the human heart is the sinoatrial (read as: sineoh-AYE-tree-al) node located? ANSWER: RIGHT ATRIUM Round 3 TOSS-UP 3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the function of the golgi (read as: GOAL-gee) complex: W) metabolism of carbohydrates X) production of peroxides Y) modification and packaging of proteins for exocytosis Z) storage of lipids ANSWER: Y) MODIFICATION AND PACKAGING OF PROTEINS FOR EXOCYTOSIS BONUS 3) BIOLOGY Short Answer Most corticosteroids are synthesized in what specific part of the human body? ANSWER: ADRENAL CORTEX (ACCEPT: ADRENAL GLANDS) TOSS-UP 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the MOST common term for the division of a somatic cell into 2 nucleated cells following of mitosis? ANSWER: CYTOKINESIS BONUS 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the anticodon on a tRNA for AAA (read as: A, A, A)? ANSWER: UUU TOSS-UP 17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following would BEST describe the quaternary structure of collagen: W) fibrous X) globular Y) planar Z) transport ANSWER: W) FIBROUS BONUS 17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes what the term virulence means: W) the specificity of a virus to cause disease in a certain host X) the ability of a microbe to cause cellular damage Y) any transmissible disease caused by a microbe Z) the degree to which a microbe causes disease or harm to its host ANSWER: Z) THE DEGREE TO WHICH A MICROBE CAUSES DISEASE OR HARM TO ITS HOST TOSS-UP 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the scientific term given to the shape of the E. coli bacterium? ANSWER: BACILLUS (ACCEPT: ROD or BACILLI or BACILLIFORM) BONUS 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 plants that produce seeds with a fleshy covering that are eaten by animals and dispersed in their droppings: apple; orchid; cherry; sphagnum moss ANSWER: APPLE; CHERRY ROUND 4 TOSS-UP 1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is TRUE: W) chimpanzees are an ancestor of Homo sapiens X) bipedal motion dominated hominoid ancestors by about 30 million years ago Y) humans and modern apes have a common ancestor Z) Neanderthals were ancestors to modern humans ANSWER: Y) HUMANS AND MODERN APES HAVE A COMMON ANCESTOR BONUS 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 5 taxonomic group with the MOST members to the one with the FEWEST members: genus; order; phylum; class; family ANSWER: PHYLUM; CLASS; ORDER; FAMILY; GENUS TOSS-UP 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common name for the product of human lachrymal (read as: LACK-reh-mal) glands? ANSWER: TEARS BONUS 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 plants that have their seeds typically dispersed by wind: dandelion; milkweed; maize; lupine ANSWER: DANDELION; MILKWEED TOSS-UP 15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Eggs exit a chicken’s body through what specific structure: W) rectal plexus X) cloaca (read as: KLO-aye-ka) Y) rostrum Z) spiculum ANSWER: X) CLOACA BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In which of the following areas of the human body is the zygomatic (read as: ZYE-goMAT-ick) arch found: W) shoulder X) pelvis Y) head Z) knee ANSWER: Y) HEAD TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice From which of the following is the cell wall of plants mostly composed: W) protein X) lipid monolayer Y) lipid bilayer Z) polysaccharide ANSWER: Z) POLYSACCHARIDE BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common biological name for the product of human sublingual glands? ANSWER: SALIVA TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common color for the calyx (read as: KAL-IX) of angiosperms? ANSWER: GREEN BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 diseases that are caused by viruses: measles; AIDS; tuberculosis; leprosy ANSWER: MEASLES; AIDS Round 5 TOSS-UP 2) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common term for the method Louis Pasteur used to create the first rabies vaccine? ANSWER: ATTENUATION BONUS 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how Pasteur attenuated the rabies virus to create an effective vaccine: W) by heat-treating the purified virus X) by treating the live virus with a weak solution of formaldehyde Y) by passing the rabies infection through a successive series of rabbits Z) by purifying the protein from the viral capsids ANSWER: Y) BY PASSING THE RABIES INFECTION THROUGH A SUCCESSIVE SERIES OF RABBITS TOSS-UP 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules do methanogens (read as: methAN-oh-gens) most often use as their final electron acceptor in their generation of energy: W) hydrogen X) carbon dioxide Y) methane Z) oxygen ANSWER: X) CARBON DIOXIDE BONUS 9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the general biological term for organisms that synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light as an energy source? ANSWER: PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (ACCEPT: PHOTOTROPHS) TOSS-UP 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer By words or numbers, name all of the following 3 functions that meiosis accomplishes: 1) reducing the copies of alleles in the ovum and sperm 2) reducing the numbers of chromosomes in the ovum and sperm 3) increasing genetic diversity through chromosomal exchange events ANSWER: ALL BONUS 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer Which one of the basic 3 plant cell types has irregularly thickened cell walls, retains its cytoplasm, and functions in structural support? ANSWER: COLLENCHYMA TOSS-UP 23) BIOLOGY Short Answer What are the common names for the 2 functional groups that combine to form a peptide bond? ANSWER: AMINO; CARBOXYL (ACCEPT: AMINE AND CARBOXYLIC ACID) BONUS 23) BIOLOGY Short Answer What 2 ions are most directly involved with the conduction of a nerve cell message down an axon? ANSWER: SODIUM AND POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: Na+ AND K+ ) Round 6 TOSS-UP 3) BIOLOGY Short Answer In what part of photosynthesis, named after its discoverers, is NADPH used to produce 3carbon sugar phosphate molecules? ANSWER: CALVIN CYCLE (ACCEPT: CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE or CALVINBENSONBASSHAM CYCLE) BONUS 3) BIOLOGY Short Answer For every carbon dioxide molecule fixed in the Calvin-Benson cycle, how many NADPH molecules are utilized? ANSWER: 2 TOSS-UP 10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In which of the following organ systems of the human body do chief cells primarily function: W) excretory X) digestive Y) nervous Z) reproductive ANSWER: X) DIGESTIVE BONUS 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What section of the small intestine is the first to receive gastric contents? ANSWER: DUODENUM TOSS-UP 17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific type of microscopy passes a beam of electrons through an ultra-thin specimen that is usually stained with an electron opaque substance, producing an image which can be captured by a charged coupled device? ANSWER: TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (ACCEPT: TEM) (DO NOT ACCEPT: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OR SEM) BONUS 17) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 4 objects found in the human body from the SMALLEST to the LARGEST: mitochondrion; ribosome; erythrocyte; average monocyte ANSWER: RIBOSOME; MITOCHONDRION; ERYTHROCYTE; AVERAGE MONOCYTE TOSS-UP 24) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the term for the transfer of genes by viruses from one prokaryote to another: W) transduction X) conjugation Y) transformation Z) relaxation ANSWER: W) TRANSDUCTION BONUS 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 transport systems that directly require energy to operate: active transport; facilitated diffusion; sodium potassium pump ANSWER: ACTIVE TRANSPORT; SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP (ACCEPT: ALL BUT FACILITATED DIFFUSION) ROUND 7 TOSS-UP 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer If one end of a single polypeptide chain has an amino group exposed, what functional group is typically exposed at the opposite end? ANSWER: CARBOXYL BONUS 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common name of the protein that synthesizes DNA? ANSWER: DNA POLYMERASE (ACCEPT: POLYMERASE) TOSS-UP 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the main respiratory pigment of skeletal muscle cells? ANSWER: MYOGLOBIN BONUS 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Choosing from primary through quaternary, what level of protein structure is conferred by a beta pleated sheet? ANSWER: SECONDARY TOSS-UP 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific biological process is believed to have produced most of the diatomic oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere? ANSWER: PHOTOSYNTHESIS BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer In photosynthesis II (read as: two), what is light energy most notably used to initially accomplish? ANSWER: SPLITTING OF WATER TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer In what specific part of the testes does spermatogenesis occur in mammals? ANSWER: SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What human gland, which is mostly lymphoid tissue, is critical to the normal development of cell mediated immunity and, if removed after young adulthood, seems to have no ill effects on the immune system? ANSWER: THYMUS TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common name for the micro-gametophyte in flowering plants? ANSWER: POLLEN (ACCEPT: POLLEN GRAINS) BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Sieve cells and sieve tube members are types of what specific conductive plant cell type? ANSWER: PHLOEM Round 8 TOSS-UP 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the highest level of structural organization in myoglobin: W) primary X) secondary Y) tertiary Z) quaternary ANSWER: Y) TERTIARY BONUS 2) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are characteristic of E. coli: gram negative; an enteric organism; non-motile; bacillus ANSWER: GRAM NEGATIVE; AN ENTERIC ORGANISM; BACILLUS (ACCEPT: ALL BUT NON-MOTILE) TOSS-UP 9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific class of antibodies is most commonly responsible for degranulation of basophils or mast cells? ANSWER: IgE (ACCEPT: IMMUNOLGLOBULIN E) BONUS 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a group of about 20 proteins that aid in the attraction and phagocytosis of microorganisms by macrophages: W) alpha interferons X) complement system Y) TNF Z) hemopoietins ANSWER: X) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM TOSS-UP 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer In angiosperm seed development, what fuses with the second sperm nucleus to form the endosperm? ANSWER: 2 POLAR NUCLEI (ACCEPT: 2 OR BOTH POLAR NUCLEI or POLAR NUCLEI) (DO NOT ACCEPT: POLAR NUCLEUS) BONUS 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer In what specific part of a eukaryotic cell will pyruvate be converted into acetyl Co-enzyme A? ANSWER: MITOCHONDRION (ACCEPT: MITOCHONDRIA) TOSS-UP 23) BIOLOGY Short Answer How many human ova are produced by a full round of meiosis from a single primary oocyte? ANSWER: 1 (Solution: mammals produce 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies per primary oocyte) BONUS 23) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 animals for which L-ascorbate is an essential nutrient: humans; dogs; cats; horses ANSWER: HUMANS Round 9 TOSS-UP 3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following tissues is most directly responsible for the growth in height of a tree: W) apical meristem X) shoot terminus Y) terminal cambial Z) cambium terminus ANSWER: W) APICAL MERISTEM BONUS 3) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific cells and how many of them border each stomal pore? ANSWER: GUARD CELLS; 2 TOSS-UP 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer During what phase of meiosis-one do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information? ANSWER: PROPHASE-ONE (ACCEPT: PROPHASE) BONUS 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 3 choices from the EARLIEST stage to the LATEST stage of ovarian follicle development, and identify which of the structures is typically the LARGEST: secondary follicle; corpus luteum; corpus albicans ANSWER: SECONDARY FOLLICLE; CORPUS LUTEUM; CORPUS ALBICANS; LARGEST = CORPUS LUTEUM TOSS-UP 17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most common term for an area of primitive cells in plants where active cell division occurs: W) meristem X) ground tissue Y) primary cells Z) germinal tissue ANSWER: W) MERISTEM BONUS 17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the layer typically found between 2 plant cell walls of adjoining plant cells which is composed of pectin? ANSWER: MIDDLE LAMELLA TOSS-UP 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Which one of basic plant cell types has a primary and secondary cell wall that is dead when mature? ANSWER: SCLERENCHYMA BONUS 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 plants that produce seeds: cycads; ferns; mosses; conifers ANSWER: CYCADS; CONIFERS ROUND 10 TOSS-UP 1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice With which of the following does human interstitial fluid differ in concentration the most when compared with plasma: W) sodium ions X) potassium ions Y) magnesium ions Z) proteins ANSWER: Z) PROTEINS BONUS 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer What human organ produces the majority of immune complement proteins? ANSWER: LIVER TOSS-UP 8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following molecules would have the most peptide bonds: W) glycogen X) hemoglobin Y) lecithin Z) DNA ANSWER: X) HEMOGLOBIN BONUS 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 substances that would typically be considered exocrine products: insulin; pepsin; hemoglobin; epinephrine ANSWER: PEPSIN TOSS-UP 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common name for the units in DNA to which phosphates are covalently linked? ANSWER: RIBOSE SUGARS (ACCEPT: PENTOSE SUGARS or SUGARS or DEOXYRIBOSE SUGARS) BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding human genetics: W) genes from gametes are typically unchanged during their passage to the zygote X) the zygote gets 1 allele from each parental gene pair Y) all genes independently segregate Z) the number of copies of a particular gene can vary among individuals ANSWER: Y) ALL GENES INDEPENDENTLY SEGREGATE (Solution: genes on the same chromosome do not independently segregate) TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the specific type of protein from which spindle fibers are composed? ANSWER: TUBULIN (ACCEPT: ALPHA AND/OR BETA TUBULIN) BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 diseases that are caused by protists: botulism; rabies; typhoid fever; toxoplasmosis ANSWER: TOXOPLASMOSIS TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What class of immunoglobulins is most directly responsible for hay fever and common allergies in humans? ANSWER: IGE (ACCEPT: E or IMMUNOGLOBULIN E) BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 cells that typically possess mitochondria: erythrocytes; plasma cells; lymphocytes; neurons ANSWER: PLASMA CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; NEURONS (ACCEPT: ALL BUT ERYTHROCYTES) Round 11 TOSS-UP 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of biological molecules is digested by trypsin: W) proteins X) nucleic acids Y) carbohydrates Z) lipids ANSWER: W) PROTEINS BONUS 2) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are typically considered human autoimmune dysfunctions: Rheumatoid arthritis; Lupus; shingles; Down’s syndrome ANSWER: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; LUPUS TOSS-UP 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice At which of the following pH levels will human pepsin be most active: W) 2 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 8 ANSWER: W) 2 BONUS 9) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most plentiful class of immunoglobulins in human plasma? ANSWER: IgG (ACCEPT: G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN G) TOSS-UP 16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the main target of bacteria by the antibiotic penicillin: W) energy production X) DNA synthesis Y) cell wall synthesis Z) translation ANSWER: Y) CELL WALL SYNTHESIS BONUS 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common term for the form of protection when a non-poisonous frog has the same appearance as a poisonous frog? ANSWER: BATESIAN MIMICRY (ACCEPT: MIMICRY or WARNING MIMICRY) (DO NOT ACCEPT: MULLERIAN MIMICRY) TOSS-UP 23) BIOLOGY Short Answer What cell in the peripheral blood is the immediate precursor of the macrophage? ANSWER: MONOCYTE BONUS 23) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 cells that are leukocytes: neutrophil; basophil; melanocyte; macrophage ANSWER: NEUTROPHIL; BASOPHIL Round 12 TOSS-UP 3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following was first proposed by Peter Mitchell as a potential energy ion gradient across a selectively permeable membrane that is responsible for the production of ATP: W) osmosis X) chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis): Y) electro-phosphorylation Z) photosynthesis ANSWER: X) CHEMIOSMOSIS BONUS 3) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 groups of organisms that generate ATP by chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis): Cyanobacteria; plant cells; animal cells ANSWER: ALL TOSS-UP 10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice From which of the following does the seed coat of angiosperm seeds typically develop: W) integuments X) polar nuclei Y) nucleus Z) cotyledons ANSWER: W) INTEGUMENTS BONUS 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer Beadle and Tatum primarily used what organism to show that mutations in a single gene caused disruptions in metabolic pathways because of the lack of a single enzyme? ANSWER: NEUROSPORA (ACCEPT: BREAD MOLD or NEUROSPORA CRASSA) TOSS-UP 17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Of which of the following is endosperm in wheat primarily composed: W) protein X) nucleic acid Y) carbohydrate Z) lipid ANSWER: Y) CARBOHYDRATE BONUS 17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding glycogen: W) glycogen synthesis is endergonic (read as: en-der-GONE-ick) X) glycogen is a polysaccharide Y) glycogen side branches have beta 1,4 linkages Z) glycogen in the human liver often has more than 10,000 glucose monomers ANSWER: Y) GLYCOGEN SIDE BRANCHES HAVE BETA 1,4 LINKAGES (Solution: beta-1,4 linkages are indigestible to humans and are found in cellulose. Glycogen has alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages) TOSS-UP 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer From the FIRST to the LAST, what are the stages into which interphase is most commonly divided? ANSWER: G-1; S; G-2 (ACCEPT: GAP ONE, DNA SYNTHESIS, GAP 2) BONUS 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer Cells that become quiescent enter G-zero from what stage of the cell cycle? ANSWER: G-1 ROUND 13 TOSS-UP 1) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the common name for the 27-carbon lipid whose synthesis is in part regulated by HMG CoA (read as: H, M, G, koh, A) reductase and is the basic starting point for estrogen synthesis? ANSWER: CHOLESTEROL BONUS 1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding ribosomes: W) they are about 20 nanometers in diameter X) eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger than prokaryotic ribosomes Y) mitochondrial ribosomes have 40S (read as: forty S) small subunits Z) they are found in chloroplasts ANSWER: Y) MITOCHONDRIAL RIBOSOMES HAVE 40S SMALL SUBUNITS TOSS-UP 8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of globular proteins in mammals: W) most are soluble in water X) some serve as transport molecules in the plasma Y) plasma enzymes typically have an optimal operating pH of about 6.8 to 7.0 Z) most protein hormones are globular ANSWER: Y) PLASMA ENZYMES TYPICALLY HAVE AN OPTIMAL OPERATING PH OF ABOUT 6.8 TO 7.0 BONUS 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer During photorespiration, the plant enzyme RuBisCO (read as: rueBIS-ko) will bind what molecular substance rather than carbon dioxide? ANSWER: OXYGEN (ACCEPT: O2) TOSS-UP 15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is most directly responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure in humans that acts to retain fluid in the vascular system: W) albumin X) sodium ions Y) calcium ions Z) potassium ions ANSWER: W) ALBUMIN BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of the most common form of DNA: W) it is a right-handed helix X) it has 3.4 nanometers between each successive nucleotide base of the same strand Y) the strands are considered anti-parallel Z) each strand has a 3-prime phosphate and a 5-prime hydroxyl at opposite ends ANSWER: Z) EACH STRAND HAS A 3-PRIME PHOSPHATE AND A 5-PRIME HYDROXYL AT OPPOSITE ENDS TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 3 choices that are chemoautotrophs: Nitrosomonas (read as: nitro-so-MOAN-us) Paramecium; Volvox ANSWER: NITROSOMONAS BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what vitamin is the electron carrier FAD (read as: F, A, D) derived? ANSWER: RIBOFLAVIN (ACCEPT: VITAMIN B2) TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common name for the histone octamer used in the coiling and packing of DNA and regulation of gene expression? ANSWER: NUCLEOSOMES BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 organelles that are bounded by a double membrane: nucleus; mitochondrion; lysosome; chloroplast ANSWER: NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRION; CHLOROPLAST (ACCEPT: ALL BUT LYSOSOME) Round 14 TOSS-UP 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the repressor protein in the lac (read as: LACK) operon: W) uncompetitive inhibitor X) structural protein Y) regulatory protein Z) transcriptional factor ANSWER: Y) REGULATORY PROTEIN BONUS 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Through which of the following mechanisms do allosteric inhibitors typically operate: W) binding the substrate X) binding to an enzyme’s active site Y) binding to a site other than the active site and changing the shape of an enzyme Z) acting as a competitive inhibitor and overpowering the active sites of enzymes ANSWER: Y) BINDING TO A SITE OTHER THAN THE ACTIVE SITE AND CHANGING THE SHAPE OF AN ENZYME TOSS-UP 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following mutations would most likely affect a gene the LEAST: W) single base deletion X) single base substitution Y) single base insertion Z) quadruple base deletion ANSWER: X) SINGLE BASE SUBSTITUTION BONUS 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains why a single base substitution in a gene-coding region for amino acids will sometimes lead to no change in amino acid sequence: W) all nucleotides are subject to the same mutation rate X) some nucleotide bases are covalently joined by stronger bonds Y) the code is degenerate with more than one triplet coding for the same amino acid Z) some amino acids act in the same fashion in determining the tertiary structure of a protein ANSWER: Y) THE CODE IS DEGENERATE WITH MORE THAN ONE TRIPLET CODING FOR THE SAME AMINO ACID TOSS-UP 16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains why leaves fall off trees in the autumn: W) the leaves die and passively fall off X) an abscission layer forms at the base of the leaf stem causing it to fall off Y) the leaves slowly dry out from the bottom up because of abscisic acid that prevents phloem from delivering nutrients Z) the vascular tissue of the leaves fill up with resin increasing their stiffness and causing them to become brittle ANSWER: X) AN ABSCISSION LAYER FORMS AT THE BASE OF THE LEAF STEM CAUSING IT TO FALL OFF BONUS 16) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following will most likely result from a single base deletion in DNA: W) nonsense mutation X) stop codon Y) frame shift mutation Z) inversion mutation ANSWER: Y) FRAME SHIFT MUTATION TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common name for the terminus of a tRNA molecule to which amino acids are attached? ANSWER: 3-PRIME TERMINUS (ACCEPT: CCA 3-PRIME END or 3-PRIME END or 3-PRIME) BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What protein, that takes its name from its apparent molecular weight, can arrest cells in the G1-S checkpoint, initiate apoptosis (read as: aye-pop-TOE-sis) and, when deactivated, is implicated in a wide variety of cancers? ANSWER: P53 TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer I nto what specific mitochondrial compartment are hydrogen ions pumped out during chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis)? ANSWER: MATRIX BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 hormones that are formed primarily from the amino acid tyrosine: glucagon; thyroxine; epinephrine; erythropoietin (read as: EE-rithroe-POE-ihtin) ANSWER: THYROXINE; EPINEPHRINE TOSS-UP 3) BIOLOGY Short Answer What enzyme in E. coli functions as the primary proof-reading molecule during replication? ANSWER: DNA POLYMERASE (ACCEPT: DNA POLYMERASE 3) BONUS 3) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of DNA replication: W) it is initiated by a short DNA primer X) the growing strand is polymerized in a 5-prime to 3-prime direction Y) DNA polymerase helps form the phosphodiesterase (read as: FOSS-foe-die-ESS-ter-ase) bonds Z) synthesis of the lagging strand is discontinuous ANSWER: W) IT IS INITIATED BY A SHORT DNA PRIMER TOSS-UP 10) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is MOST characteristic of human blast cells in on observation with light microscopy: W) large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio X) small nucleolus and mostly heterochromatin in the nucleus Y) lack of cytoplasmic granules and small overall size compared to mature cells Z) absence of nucleolus (read as: NEW-clee-oh-luss) and endoplasmic reticulum ANSWER: W) LARGE NUCLEAR TO CYTOPLASMIC RATIO BONUS 10) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific molecule binds immediately upstream of the structural genes in the lac (read as: LACK) operon and functions to transcribe these genes? ANSWER: RNA POLYMERASE TOSS-UP 17) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the most common name for the first membrane-associated molecule discovered to function in a wide variety of cells in what is commonly referred to as a second messenger? ANSWER: CYCLIC AMP (ACCEPT: cAMP) BONUS 17) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice With which of the following are cyclin-dependent kinases most directly involved: W) repairing damaged DNA X) regulating cell cycle Y) digesting plasmids Z) insulin’s action on fat cells ANSWER: X) REGULATING CELL CYCLE TOSS-UP 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what basic plant cell type are the majority of cells in a corm (read as: KORM) composed? ANSWER: PARENCHYMA BONUS 24) BIOLOGY Short Answer If a germ cell of a genus of grass has 48 chromosomes at metaphase two, how many chromosomes will a germ cell of this grass have in anaphase-two? ANSWER: 96 ROUND 16 TOSS-UP 1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In which of the following wavelengths does DNA absorb the best: W) 3,900 angstroms X) 260 nanometers Y) 340 nanometers Z) 540 nanometers ANSWER: X) 260 NANOMETERS BONUS 1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the diameter of a plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-modez-MAH-tah): W) 2 angstroms X) 60 nanometers Y) 80 microns Z) 180 microns ANSWER: X) 60 NANOMETERS (Solution: this is the only logical size considering the average plant cell size and the size of transported molecules) TOSS-UP 8) BIOLOGY Short Answer What reduced coenzyme donates its electrons to complex-one in the electron transport system? ANSWER: NADH BONUS 8) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice In a double reciprocal plot of Michaelis-Menton kinetics, what is the effect of a competitive inhibitor: W) change in the vertical axis intercept X) change in the slope only Y) change in the horizontal axis intercept only Z) change in both vertical and horizontal axes intercepts ANSWER: X) CHANGE IN THE SLOPE ONLY TOSS-UP 15) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the primary calcium-binding protein in eukaryotic cells, that is about 148 amino acids long, and has a wide variety of functions often through kinases and phosphatases (read as: foss-fah-TAY-sis)? ANSWER: CALMODULIN BONUS 15) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the RNA complementary sequence of the following sequence: 5’CCGCGA 3’ (read as: 5-prime, CCGCGS, 3-prime) W) 5’ UCGCGG 3’ (read as: 5-prime, UCGCGG, 3-prime) X) 5’ GGCGCU 3’ Y) 5’ GGCGCT 3’ Z) 5’ TCGCGG 3’ ANSWER: W) 5’ UCGCGG 3’ TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What cell type is MOST directly responsible for secreting the bone matrix in developing humans? ANSWER: OSTEOBLASTS (DO NOT ACCEPT: OSTEOCYTE) BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific human bone cell is antagonistic to osteoblasts and is known to cause apoptosis (read as: A-pop-TOE-sis) of osetoblasts in vitro? ANSWER: OSTEOCLASTS TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer Intestinal absorption of what vitamin is most directly dependent on intrinsic factor? ANSWER: B12 BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What plant hormone is primarily responsible for apical dominance in angiosperms? ANSWER: AUXIN (ACCEPT: INDOLE-ACETIC ACID or IAA) TOSS-UP 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains how cyclic AMP can cause so many different intracellular responses in a mammalian cell: W) it is produced in large quantities X) it migrates to the DNA where it binds to a variety of histones Y) it activates a wide variety of specific protein kinases Z) it prevents the activation of other hormonal signals ANSWER: Y) IT ACTIVATES A WIDE VARIETY OF SPECIFIC PROTEIN KINASES BONUS 2) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the function of a spliceosome (read as: SPLY-seeoh-zome): W) splicing DNA together during replication X) splicing out mutations Y) joining multiple copies of structural genes Z) removing introns ANSWER: Z) REMOVING INTRONS TOSS-UP 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the target tissue of the hormone leptin where it binds with LepRB (read as: L, E, P, R, B) receptors: W) hypothalamus X) pancreas Y) adipose tissue Z) kidney ANSWER: W) HYPOTHALAMUS BONUS 9) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following types of fatty acids would alpha linolenic or all cis-9,12,15Octadecatrienoic (read as: octa-deca-tri-en-oh-ick) acid most commonly be classified: W) an alpha 9 fatty acid X) an alpha 9,12,15 fatty acid Y) an omega 3 fatty acid Z) an omega 6 fatty acid ANSWER: Y) AN OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID TOSS-UP 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what specific biological molecule are Barbara McClintock’s transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) made? ANSWER: DNA BONUS 16) BIOLOGY Short Answer Name all of the following 4 organisms in which transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) are found: humans; maize; fruit fly; bacteria ANSWER: ALL TOSS-UP 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the specific intermediate informational molecule for human retrotransposons (read as: rhet-tro-trans-POE-zons): ANSWER: RNA (ACCEPT: RIBONUCLEIC ACID or mRNA or MESSENGER RNA) BONUS 22) BIOLOGY Short Answer Order the following 4 processes from the one to typically occur the EARLIEST to the one to occur the LATEST in the production of collagen: (read slowly) spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome); transcription; translation; golgi modification ANSWER: TRANSCRIPTION; SPLICEOSOME; TRANSLATION; GOLGI MODIFICATION TOSS-UP 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer From what amino acid is the vasodilator histamine primarily synthesized? ANSWER: HISTIDINE BONUS 25) BIOLOGY Short Answer What is the typical reported initial threshold value, in millivolts, of a human peripheral nerve axon? ANSWER: –45 (ACCEPT: –50 TO –40)