Download The Crusades

The Crusades
& The Rise of Papal Power
1095-1215
The Hanseatic League c. 1300
Monarchies
became
increasingly
powerful
by 1300
The German Emperor
Henry III
(r. 1046-1056)
advocated reform of
the Church
Gregory VII
Leader of Church
Independence
Pope from
1073-1085
Timeline for Origins of Crusades
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1040s and 1050s: Emperors encourage reform
movement in the Church
1050: Christians successfully take Toledo; the
reconquista gains momentum
1059: Papacy allies itself against emperors by
signing Treaty of Melfi in 1059
1066: Papacy support Norman conquest of
England
1075: Investiture conflict engulfs Italy and
Germany
Whaat was the tone of the Clermont
speech?
A.
Desperate
B.
Condescending
C.
Arrogant
D.
Polite
E.
Conciliatory
What topic did the pope first address
in his Clermont speech?
A.
The failure of the clergy to remain celibate
B.
The Failure of the Truce of God
C.
The Success of the Treaty of Melfi
D.
The Depravity of the Holy Roman Emperors
E.
All of the above
Timeline for Crusades
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1095: Pope delivers speech at Clermont
1096-1099: First Crusade takes Jerusalem and
established crusader states
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1147-1149: Second Crusade fails miserably
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1189-1193: Third Crusade ends in a draw
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1198-1203: Fourth Crusade capture Christian
cities, Zara and Constantinople
1200s and 1300s: various crusades, many against
Christians, with few making it to the Holy Land
Siege of
Jerusalem,
1099
Crusader
States
during the
twelfth
century
What was the likely impact of
Crusader states in the Holy Land?
A.
Increased cultural interaction between Muslims
and Europeans
B.
Unification of the Muslim factions
C.
Increased trade for Europeans
D.
An outlet for Europeans seeking adventure
E.
Increase in the collective identify of Westerners
Templars and
Hospitallers
Christian
Soldiers of the
High Middle
Ages
Krak de Chevalier – east of Tripoli
Bernard of Clairvaux
●
●
●
Cistercian leader during much
of the movement’s first century
Considered by many
contemporaries the holiest man
in Europe
Preached the Second Crusade,
1147-9
Portugal
Horns of Hattin,
1187
Crusader
States
during the
twelfth
century
Leaders of the Third Crusade
Richard
Lionheart
& Truce with
Saladin
1191
Innocent III
1161-1216
r. 1198-1216
Fourth Crusade’s Planned Course
The Venetian Mercantile Empire
Overview
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Background on Crusades
●
The First Four Crusades
●
Albigensian Crusade
●
13th Century and Late Medieval Crusading
●
Consequences of the Crusades
Background on Crusades
●
Early wars against Muslims
–
The reconquista (1000-1492)
–
The Norman conquest of Sicily (11th century)
●
●
In cooperation with papacy
By 1060s plans for crusades were under
discussion among cardinals and leading bishops
Background
●
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●
The first crusade was conceived in the mid 11th century
and was meant to reverse the capture of Jerusalem and
the Holy Land from recent Muslim invasions
Crusades had the effect of rallying the most violent
members of Europe around the defense of the Christian
religion
Whether consciously conceived as a way to pacify
Europe or not, the exportation of violent members of
European society to fight in foreign wars had the effect
of pacifying European society
The First Crusade
●
●
Conceived before the papacy of Gregory VII (1073-85)
but first preached by Urban II (1088-99) at Clermont in
1095
Within a year of his sermon, two groups headed toward
Constantinople
–
The People's Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit; they
took the overland route
–
A slower and smaller contingent of well armed and
equipped nobles some sailed to Constantinople while
most also took the overland route
The First Crusade
●
●
The People's Crusade arrived in Constantinople in
late 1096 and received a cool reception
–
Poorly equipped
–
Little military experience
–
Undisciplined
–
Extraordinary religious faith
The Byzantium Emperor provided transportation
across the Bosporus to Asian Minor, where they
were almost immediately massacred by Seljuk
forces; the survivors returned to Constantinople
and joined the knights in 1097
Summary of First Crusade
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The only Crusade to achieve its initial purpose: the
recapture of Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land
The territorial conquests were minor but they military
victories demonstrated the ferocity of the western
European warriors whose equipment and supplies were
poorly suited to the hot, arid conditions of the Near East
Increased contact between Europe and the rest of the
Mediterranean
Second Crusade, 1147-49
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Inspired by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
Led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III, Holy
Roman Emperor
A failure: “an abyss so deep that I must call him
blessed who is not scandalized by it.”
Rivalry between the princes and also undermined
by princes of the Holy Land
Ended the Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of
Aquitaine, who married Henry II of England
Failed to take Damascus
Third Crusade, 1189-1193
●
Reaction against the rising power of Saladin
●
Led by
–
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
–
Drowned on the way there
King Phillip Augustus of France
–
Quarreled with Richard and went home
Richard the Lion Hearted of England
●
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●
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Richard enjoyed military and diplomatic success but
failed to recapture Jerusalem; he was later taken hostage
by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI
Ultimately this crusade was also a failure
Fourth Crusade, 1198-1204
●
Initiated by Innocent III
●
Led by territorial princes, notably Baldwin of Flanders
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Embarcation from Venice
–
●
Purpose hijacked by the Venetians: attacks on Zara
and Constantinople
Crusaders excommunicated by Innocent III twice but
readmitted to the Church both times
●
Huge influx of booty to the West
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Temporary re-unification of Christianity
Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229
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The Cathars, 1150-1250
–
–
–
–
–
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dual gods
anti-clericalism
rival church
support in the Midi
the perfecti
The papal response
–
–
–
the Dominicans
the Crusade
Philip II “Augustus”
th
13
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1212: Children’s Crusade
1228: Crusade of Frederick II
1234-41: Crusade of Thibault of Champagne and
Richard of Cornwall
Crusades of Louis IX (St. Louis)
–
–
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Century Crusades
1248-54: Sixth Crusade
1270-2: Seventh Crusade
1235-90: The “Political” Crusades
Late Medieval Crusades
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1291-1336: Planned French Crusades
1365: Cypriot Crusade against Alexandria
1300s & 1400s: Crusades in the Baltic
1464: Crusade of Pope Pius II
Consequences of the Crusades
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Altered balance of power between Europe,
Byzantium, and Islamic Caliphates
The extension of papal power
–
–
●
alliance with Normans and then the French against
HRE
popular politics
Western Europe comes into more frequent contact
with Byzantine and Muslim states
–
–
increase of Arabic knowledge
recovery of “lost” texts
The Crusades and the Papacy
–
–
–
–
–
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Initiated by Urban II (c. 1100)
Reinvigorated by Innocent III (c. 1200)
Crusade as a means of eliminating heresy
Political weapon against Hohenstaufen
Emperors in mid-13th century
Strengthening of papal authority
● Moral leadership
● Military purpose
Papal indulgences
Significance of the Crusades
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The next step in Constantine's vision: Militant
Christianity
Just War is sanctioned
Western Europe goes on the offensive
Attacks against Byzantines; ascendance of the
West
Conquests in mid-East
Maritime benefits for Italian merchants
Summary
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Crusades elevated the papacy as the moral leader of
western Europe
Reduced violence against Christians by Christians
The crusades initiated the practice of indulgences, which
allowed those who could not make the trip to the holy
land to sponsor a knight and thereby gain the spiritual
advantages of crusading
Brought control of the Mediterranean commerce into the
hands of the Italians and especially the Venetians, who
made enormous profits from trade with the Middle East
Summary
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The Crusades signified a change in the cultural
and political position of Europe
–
Prior to the First Crusade (1095) the western
Europeans had been viewed as disorganized
barbarians
–
By the end of the Fourth Crusade (1205) the western
Europeans not only gained control of shipping in the
Mediterranean but they also demonstrated the ability
to develop and adapt technology to their purposes
The period of crusading coincided with a
intellectual reawakening in Western Europe
How did increased wealth and population
change European politics?
How did the increased wealth change the
culture of Europe?
In what sense is competition
ingrained in our political system?
What are the advantages of
competition?
In what sense is competition
ingrained in our political system?
In the Dictates of the Pope, Gregory
VII did which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Established the primacy of the papacy in matters
spiritual and temporal
Claimed that the Church had no business is
temporal or political matters
Established a set of guidelines for reforming the
behavior of monks
Called for the first crusade
Make an educated guess?
How did increased population and
wealth influence political leaders?
Where was this trend most
noticeable?
In what sense was the papacy a
political power?
What was the point of the Dictates of the
Pope?
How would you characterize the tone of
the document?
What does the document suggest
about the institution of the papacy?
Make an educated guess
How did the Crusades reflect changes
in the aspirations of the papacy?
How did the call for the First Crusade
at Clermont reflect the increasing
confidence and influence of the
papacy?