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Notes: Music 6 Introductory Video Script Course Music Lesson Objective Semester A Unit 1 Lesson 12 The student will be able to identify the forms utilized by romantic composers, such as Brahms, in order to explain their purpose. VISUAL <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/globe-earth-worldcontinents-582060/> AUDIO We have discussed so much about the history of music over the last 300 years or so. <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/ensemble-music-playedsaxophone-619260/> In this lesson we will talk about the role of the orchestra and a big name that came with it in the mid to late 19th century. <Slide to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/symphony-orchestraconcert-183608/> In the 19th century, orchestras became more popular, causing the number of them to grow rapidly. <Fade to text> <Text: Not all orchestras of the romantic period were comprised of professional players. Some orchestras had amateur players.> As we discussed last time, not all orchestras of the romantic period were comprised of professional players. In fact, some orchestras had only amateur players. <Dissolve to image> < Image: http://pixabay.com/en/flag-blow-wind-fluttercharacters-75047/> Professional orchestras were a hit during the time and many of them are still around today in Europe and right here in the United States. <Slide to text> <Text: 3 Big Orchestras - London Philharmonic (1813) -New York Philharmonic (1842) -Vienna Philharmonic (1842)> The big three orchestras founded during the romantic era were the London Philharmonic (1813), New York Philharmonic (1842), and the Vienna Philharmonic (1842). <Dissolve to Image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/opera-orchestra-musicconcert-594592/> All of these groups are still active and performing today. <Dissolve to Image> < Image: http://pixabay.com/en/symphony-orchestraconcert-183612/> Orchestras were so popular that by the end of the 19th century, most European and American cities had their own. <Fade to Image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/hall-crystal-chandeliermeeting-571844/> Orchestras did not always sprout up as their own entities, often times, they could also be heard in opera houses, theaters, cafes, and dance halls. <Fade to Text> <Text: Orchestras during the romantic period did not only grow in presence but in number of members as well> Orchestras during the romantic period did not only grow in their presence, but the number of members grew as well. During this time, there could be anywhere from 40-100 musicians! <Slide to text> <Text: What exactly are they? Who plays in them? > We keep talking about orchestras, but what exactly are they? Who plays in them? <Fade to Text> <Text: Orchestral Instruments: Typical orchestras contain multiple families of instruments. Instruments include members of the woodwind, brass, percussion, and string - flutes -clarinets -bassoons -piccolos -horns -trumpets -tubas - violins -violas - cellos -string bass -members of the percussion family > families. <Slide to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/drums-musicalinstrument-music-246840/> As the romantic orchestra developed, changes were made to instruments. <Fade to image> <Image: http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/228403> These changes included adding valves to horns and keys to clarinets and oboes so that they could be more agile and tuneful in their playing. <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/892146> As a result of these changes, orchestral music became more vibrant and colorful. <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/869209> Before the 19th century, typically the piano player or the violin player would conduct their fellow players in an ensemble. <Dissolve to text> <Text: In the romantic period there was a brand new person brought in to conduct rather than someone from the ensemble> In the romantic period, this all changed. Rather than having a member of the ensemble conduct, a brand new person was brought in who’s only job was to conduct. <Slide to image, display as audio is read> If you are not familiar with what it means to conduct, just think of a train. On a train, the conductor leads the train from one point to another safely. <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/japan-train-railroadrailway-steam-82123/ > <Dissolve to text> <TEXT: Like a train conductor, a conductor in an orchestra is responsible for keeping all members of an ensemble together so that they deliver the best musical performance.> The conductor in an orchestra does a similar job. They are responsible for keeping all members together so they deliver the best musical performance. To assist the conductor in cuing the members <Slide to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/katie-melua-concert- of the ensemble, they would use another innovative tool called the baton. singing-522590/> <Fade to image> <Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohannesBrah ms.jpg> A leading composer in orchestral works and in many compositional forms, except for opera, was Johannes Brahms. <Slide to text> <Text: Brahms was the leading composer of his time and lived from 1833-1897> Brahms lived from 1833-1897 <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bach.jpg> Like Bach, he was the son of a performer and belonged to a musical family. <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/music-piano-treble-clefclef-581732/> As we discussed before, the music of the greats before him dominated his era. By the time Brahms was 20, 3/5 of the music played by orchestras was by composers before his time. <Swirl to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/symphony-orchestraconcert-183608/> In fact, he even remarked at one time that he will never compose a symphony because he felt that he could not match up to those who came before him. <Fade to image> <Image:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beeth oven_6.jpg> Yet, by the time he was 40, he had composed 4 of them. Upon the completion of his fourth, he knew who he had to pay tribute to and used Beethoven’s model of composition. <Slide to text > <Text: Four was the number that Brahms kept his compositions to, yet they were so well written that after each one, he was asked to write another.> Four was the number that Brahms kept his compositions to, yet they were so well written that after each one, he was asked to write another. <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/stamp-wood-stampwood-600602/> Because of this, it pushed Brahms to write the four that he did. Despite his homage to Beethoven, he made his own unique stamp <Dissolve to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/background-sandstructure-313389/> Instead of Beethoven’s fast third movement, Brahms implemented a slower, more lyrical intermezzo. <Transition to image> <Image: http://pixabay.com/en/music-piano-keyskeyboard-sound-408994/> Let’s now listen to an example and see if you can hear the elements of Beethoven in Brahms composition. <Narrator pauses for 45 seconds as audio clip is played> <Please play following clip from track 1 from 0:00-0:30> <https://musopen.org/music/1072/johannesbrahms/symphony-no-3-in-f-op-90/>