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circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Electricity current voltage resistance power amps volts watts ohms direct current alternating current May 1510:39 AM Electric Force and Charge Electrical Force - like charges repel and oppositely charged particles attract Protons are positive Normally there is an equal number of protons and electrons making the atom neutral Neutrons are neutral Electrons are negative May 1510:45 AM 1 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Ions are charged particles Positive ions have lost one or more electrons Negative ions have gained one or more electrons Polarization - the process of separating opposite charges within an object May 1510:48 AM Coulomb's Law F=k (q1q2) ÷ (d2) F- electrical force d - distance q - charge of each particle k - 9,000,000,000 Nm/C2, proportionality constant Electrical Field (E)- energetic aura that extends through space and has both magnitude and direction E- F/q May 1510:52 AM 2 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Electrical Field Lines - visually show the direction and magnitude of the electrical field - always point away from the positive toward the negative May 1511:00 AM Electrical Potential Energy- energy possessed by the charged particle due to its position Volts - unit of measurement of electric potential (voltage) 1V = 1 J / 1 coulomb Electric potential - concept of energy per charge May 1511:04 AM 3 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Voltage Sources potential difference- charge flows from highest potential to the lowest potential There must be a potential difference for current to flow! Chemical batteries and generators are electric pumps that can maintain an electric flow or charge Electric Current- the flow of charged particles ampere- units of current flow (amp, A) - amount of 1 coulomb charge in 1 second May 1511:06 AM Conductors- many free electrons Insulators - few or no free electrons, electrons are strongly attached to atoms Semiconductors- neither good conductors nor good insulators Doping- process of providing free electrons by introducing small amounts of another element May 1511:12 AM 4 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Direct Current- flows in one direction Alternating current- flows one way for a short time and back the opposite direction Electrical Resistance - Property of a material that resists flow of current Ohms- unit of resistance resistance of wire- due to the diameter, length, material and temperature Ohms- unit of resistance, Ω May 1511:14 AM Ohm's Law amount of current is directly proportional to voltage and indirectly proportional to current I= V/R V I- current (A) V- voltage (v) R- resistance (Ω) When resistance goes up, current decreases. I R When Voltage goes up, current increases May 1512:16 PM 5 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Circuit- any path in which electrons flow series - a circuit in which there is only one path that the electrons can travel ****a break in the series circuit causes all current to stop**** parallel- the devices are connected to the same two points of an electrical circuit providing more than one path for current to flow *** a break in any one path in a parallel circuit does not interrupt flow in the other paths**** May 1512:27 PM Electric Power rate at which electric energy is converted to another form Power = current x voltage= P = IV P Watt - unit of electric power I V Kilowatt - 1000 watts of electric power Kilowatt-hour - how many kilowatts are used in an hour To find cost: kilowatts x time used x cost of kilowatt-hour - ($) May 1512:33 PM 6 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 Magnetic Force similar to electrical forces, in that magnets attract and repel without touching electric charges can be isolated and magnetic poles cannot all magnets have both a North and South pole Like poles repel; opposite poles attract. Pole- dense regions of force concentrated at the ends. Each time you break a magnet, it has a North and South pole. no matter how small a magnet is when you break it, there will always be two opposite poles May 1512:40 PM Magnetic Field energetic aura that extends through space the shape of the field lines is revealed by magnetic field lines- strength is greater at the poles produced by moving electric charges due to the constant spinning motion of electrons every spinning electron is a tiny magnet- electrons spinning in the same direction create a strong magnet, electrons spinning opposite cancel each other out Most common magnets are made from alloys containing iron, nickel, cobalt and aluminum. there is a magnetic field that surrounds all current carrying wire May 1512:43 PM 7 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 2Ω 6v May 1512:00 PM 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω 6v May 151:36 PM 8 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 2Ω 2Ω 2Ω 6v May 1512:32 PM 3Ω 3Ω 3Ω 6v May 151:45 PM 9 circuits 1.notebook May 15, 2013 3Ω 3Ω 3Ω 6v May 151:40 PM 10