Download Rome - WordPress.com

ANCIENT ROME
ROME’S BEGINNINGS
Legend
Roman legend claimed that brothers, Romulus and
Remus (descendants of Aeneas) founded Rome
after they were raised by a she-wolf. 753 B.C.
ROME’S BEGINNINGS
History
Seven villages located in seven hills that grew and
finally joined. 8th century B.C.
LANDFORMS AND BODIES OF WATER IN
ROME
a. Mountainous (like
Greece)
b. Longest coastlines
became a center of trade
because of its many
harbors and ports with
access to the
Mediterranean Sea.
c. Surrounded by
Mediterranean Sea
(Ligurian, Tyrrhenian,
Ionian and Adriatic
Seas.
CONNECTION
Rome was considered a bridge between Western
Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.
TRADING
a. Tiber River was
important because foreign
ships could bring goods up
the river to Rome.
b. Rome became
very rich.
c. Because of trade,
Romans studied new ideas
about growing crops and
they learned about other
cultures through stories
and legends.
HISTORICAL PERIODS
MONARCHY (753 B.C. – 509 B.C.)
REPUBLIC (509 B.C – 27 B.C.)
EMPIRE (27 B.C. – 476 A.D.)
MONARCHY – ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE
a. Some kings of Rome
were Etruscan.
b. Romans learned from
them many things such
as
- how to build
aqueducts: structures
that carry flowing water
to supply water to cities.
- how to make better
weapons and ships.
THE AQUEDUCT OF SEGOVIA
THE AQUEDUCT OF MÉRIDA
ROMAN ARISTOCRACY REBELLED AND
EXPELLED THE LAST KING (TARQUIN, THE
PROUD)
THEY SET UP A REPUBLIC IN 509 B.C.
REPUBLIC
Nationalism
Romans were proud of their soldiers and loyal to
their homeland. Told many war hero stories to raise
pride and nationalism- a strong devotion to one’s
country.
Two Groups of Citizens (apart from slaves).
a. patricians – rich and powerful
b. plebeians – all other people, 90% of the people.
patricians
plebeians
POLITICAL SYSTEM DURING THE REPUBLIC
a. Citizens have the right to vote, or choose their
leaders
b. Elected officials represented the people in the
Senate (governing body)
c. At first the Senate made up of patricians.
d. Each year two patricians were elected as consuls
(officials for the government and army)
CITIZENSHIP
a. Slaves and most foreigners were
NOT citizens.
b. Women WERE citizens with
limited power.
i. Women could not vote or
hold public office but they had
more freedom than Greek
women.
ii. Women could own property
and testify in court.
Patricians
PLEBEIANS INCREASED THEIR RIGHTS
a. TRIBUNES: men who were appointed
to protect the rights of the plebeians
b. Over time plebeians gained in
wealth and power, but the patricians
always had more power.
ROMAN EXPANSION
The red area on this map shows how Romans
conquered all Italian Peninsula defeating Etruscans,
Latins, Sabines and Greeks.
CARTHAGE VS. ROME:
THE PUNIC WARS (120 YEARS OF FIGHT)
Carthage was a city-state located in North Africa
(Phoenician origin). Powerful navy and strong army.
1st Punic WarRomans fought
against the
Carthaginians to
expel them from
Sicily and
Sardinia.
After the 1st Punic War the Carthaginian leaders
settled down in Iberian Peninsula and founded their
new capital: Carthago Nova (Cartagena).
2nd Punic War- MOST FAMOUS OF THE THREE
Hannibal (Carthaginian general) took his army across the Alps on
elephants and surprised the Romans.
The Romans were saved when Scipio (Roman General) attacked
Carthage and Hannibal had to rush back to help (battle of Zama).
Carthage was defeated.
3rd Punic War
Romans captured and destroyed Carthage completely.
Surviving Carthaginians were sold into slavery.
Rome controlled the entire Western Mediterranean region.
AFTER THE PUNIC WARS, ROMAN
EXPANSION SEEMED UNSTOPPABLE
Roman conquests during the Republic
(green area)
ADVANCEMENTS OF THIS TIME
Romans built aqueducts, roads and buildings
in conquered land.
Roads were made of concrete—not dirt.
ADVANCEMENTS OF THIS TIME
•Statumen: layer of stones.
•Rudus: layer of coarse concrete.
•Nucleus: little layer of fine concrete
•Pavimentum or summa crusta: polygonal or square stones (prepared
for drainage).
Romans tried to keep people happy and
patriotic (loyal to Rome):
- Granting citizenship.
- Allowing forms of self-government.
- Allowing all gods and worship.
Romanization started:
They conquered others but everybody became
Roman through language and law.
EFFECTS OF WAR
- Money came to Rome but only the
patricians were wealthier.
- Plebeians lost jobs to wartime slaves
and they got angry.
- Ambition grew among patricians and
some civil wars took place.
JULIUS CAESAR
”
a. He was an example of
ambitious politician.
b. Involved in some of these
civil wars.
c. Famous for having
conquered the Gaul (and
more places).
d. Dramatic end.
EMPIRE
AUGUSTUS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
He was as ambitious as Caesar, but he was
successful in gathering all the powers.
Emperor of Rome (27 BC – 14 AD) who stabilized
Rome after Caesar’s death and the civil war.
Centralized the government and improved the
economy.
Began a long period (200 years) of peace called
Pax Romana.
Made people conquered by Rome loyal to Rome
i. this united the Roman Empire
ii. Roman Empire spread eastward and
westward on three continents.
GOOD AND BAD EMPERORS – PROJECT!
These are traditionally considered “the five good emperors”:

Nerva (96-98)

Trajano (98-117)

Adriano (117-138)

Antonino Pio (1138-161)

Marco Aurelio (161-180)
These are five emperors considered cruel or crazy or, for some reason, hated
by the Romans:

Tiberio (14-37)

Caligula (37-41)

Nerón (54-68)

Cómodo (177-180)

Caracalla (198-217)
ROMAN LAW:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
All free people have equal rights.
A person is innocent until he or she is proven
guilty.
Accused people should be allowed to face their
accusers and defend themselves.
Judges must interpret the law and make
decisions fairly.
People have rights that no government can take
away.
The Twelve Tables were laws
engraved on tablets and put on
display in the Forum in Rome for
everyone to see, so they could be
understood by all of the citizens of
Rome.
ROMAN HOBBIES:
Romans loved shows and enterteinment. Amphitheatres
(gladiator fights) and Circus (chariot races) were their
favourite places;
There were theatres and music concerts, too. b.
ROMAN CULTURE (WRITERS AND PHILOSOPHERS):
TERENCE (theatre comedies).
CICERO (philosopher, politician).
SALLUST (history, military history)
HORACE (poet)
TITUS LIVIUS (LIVY) (history)
SENECA (philosophy)
PLUTARCH (history)
SAINT AUGUSTINE (Christianity)
VIRGIL – poet, author of
the “Aeneid” (29-19BC)
ROMAN RELIGION:
-Greek
pantheon.
-Household
spirits (The lares were the spirits of the family's
ancestors. The penates were kind spirits who garded the larder. Little
figurines of these spirits were kept in a small household shrine, called
the lararium. The spirits were worshipped by the family on special
days with offerings of food and wine).
-Foreign
gods (Mitra, Sol Invictus, Hercules, …)
-The
worship to the Emperor (Domitian started this in
the 1st century).
-Christianity.
CRISIS AND FALL:
a.
Most Emperors after Marcus Aurelius cared about increasing
their wealth and power, not the welfare of the Roman Empire.
a.
Roman Army began to fight each other to get their favorite
person as an Emperor.
a.
The Roman Army spent so much time in civil wars and Rome
had to pay mercenaries to fight foreign battles (they were not
loyal and allowed their own tribes ( German) to attack.
a.
Roads were unsafe and trade decreased.
a.
Free peasants started to be more profitable than slaves so
economic system was brought down.
THE EMPIRE DIVIDED
To restore order, some Emperors tried new formulas:
Diocletian divided the Empire into two parts (each
one ruled by two co-emperors):
Constantine united the empire again. He made a
new capital city in the eastern part of the Empire,
Byzantium (later known as Constantinople).
Theodosius divided the Empire in 395 AD. His two
children inherited one part each and that division
was definitive.
a. Eastern part of the empire was strong and
rich; capital city was Constantinople. It became the
Byzantine Empire that lasted for 1000 years.
b. Western part of the empire was weak and
poor; capital city was Rome but in the end,
Ravenna.
In 476, a germanic leader called Odoacer expelled
the last West Roman Emperor: Romulus.