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Evolution Part 1 Study Guideline
Chapters Pg. 7-13, 9.1, 12.1-12.3, 18.1-18.4, 19.1-19.5
Vocabulary- Define all of the following words and use them correctly in a sentence.
Natural Selection- The environment puts selective pressures on the survival rates of
individuals within a species. Those best adapted to their environment are the ones more
likely to survive to reproductive age and pass along their genes to their offspring.
Trait- A specific behavior or physical property of an organism. Ex) Blond hair
Crossing Over- Occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up and share
genes. This increases genetic variation.
Adaptation- A trait or behavior that increases an organism’s chance of survival.
Nucleotide- Nucleic acids bound to the phosphate sugar backbone.
Asexual Reproduction- Organisms that do not need to have sex to reproduce. They do not go
through meiosis. Offspring of asexually reproducing organisms are genetic clones to their
parents. Ex) Bacteria
Sexual Reproduction- Organisms that need to find a mate and perform sex. Organisms that
reproduce sexually go through meiosis to ensure that offspring receive the correct number
of chromosomes from their parents. Offspring are genetically unique because their genes
are shared between from both parents.
Variation- Differences in the way species look and behave.
DNA- Composed of thymine, guanine, cytosine, and adenine (T, G, C, A) nucleotides. The
order of the nucleotides is a code for the production of a protein.
Amino Acid- There are 20 different amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins.
Amino Acid Sequence- The sequence and number of amino acids in a proteins determines
its structure and function.
Diploid- Having two copies of every chromosome. Ex) Humans.
Taxonomy- The study of classifying organisms.
RNA- Similar to DNA except all Thymine nucleic acids are replaced with a similar
compound called uracil. RNA is used for the production of a protein.
Codon- Three nucleotides in a row that codes for a specific amino acid.
Anticodon- The code on the bottom of a tRNA molecule. If it matches the codon on the
mRNA a specific amino acid is brought to the translation “factory.”
Haploid- Only having one copy of every chromosome. Ex) Male ants.
Species- A group of organisms that are capable of physically mating and producing a fertile
offspring. Ex) Humans, chimps, octopus, goldfish.
mRNA- Also known as messenger RNA. A complimentary strand to the DNA strand that is
capable of leaving the nucleus, binding to a ribosome, and then “read” and translated into
a protein.
Homologous Chromosomes- Two chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and carry the
same types of genes.
tRNA- Also known as transfer RNA. Brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome “factory”
based on whether or not the anticodon on the bottom of tRNA matches the codon found on
mRNA.
Gene- A specific sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein to be made.
Meiosis- A process that reduces the chromosome number in a cell by half and creates
genetically unique gametes (sperm and eggs.)
Homologous Structures- “Same structure, different function.” These structures indicate
recent common ancestry. Ex) Arm bones of birds, humans, whales, bats, rats, frogs, etc.
Analogous Structures- “Same function, different structure.” These structures may be
different in the way they are assembled but they indicate similar evolutionary patterns due
to having similar function. Ex) Bird and insect wing have the same function (to fly.)
Phenetics- Classifying organisms based on their physical properties but ignores common
ancestry. Ex) Fish and dogs are both brown.
Cladogram- Classifying organisms based on their physical properties but also considered
evolutionary relationships and inheritance of traits.
Paleontology- The study of fossils and how they are related.
Coevolution- Two species evolving in close connection. Ex) Bees make good pollinators so
plants evolved flowers to attract them.
Pseudogenes- Genes that are not in function but may help to show evolutionary
relationships.
Speciation- The formation of new species.
Adaptive Radiation- Many new species which branched from an original common ancestor.
Ex) Darwin’s finches.
Gradualism- Slow and steady changes that occur in organisms. Eventually new species will
arise.
Punctuated Equilibrium- Large portions of time that represent minimal changes to a species
called stasis. Occasionally large “jumps” in evolution and the formation of new species
occur rapidly and in large numbers.
1) What is the role of DNA in the evolutionary process?
Since all organisms have DNA and DNA is different in all organisms, these differences lead
to variation in the proteins they produce. These proteins then vary slightly in the way they
control what organisms look and behave like. This variation drives evolution.
2) How does DNA direct the production of proteins?
Transcription and Translation – DNA is transcribed into an mRNA molecule. The mRNA
leaves the nucleus, binds to a ribosome, and every three nucleotides (a codon) are “read”
which produces a growing amino acid chain.
3) Why is variation important for the continuance of a species?
Differences in the way species look and behave allows for at least some members of that
species to survive if the environment becomes hostile. Without variation all members of a
species would look and behave the same meaning one change in the environment would
wipe out all members of that species.
4) The role each of the following has towards providing evidence of evolution.
Fossils- show a record of the changes to life on Earth.
Homologous Structures- show how species are related through common ancestry.
Analogous Structures- show how species evolved in similar environments.
DNA Sequence Similarities- difficult to obtain but is the most accurate way to prove
common ancestry.
5) How do the four principals of Natural Selection affect populations of organisms?
1) All populations vary in the way individuals look and behave.
2) The environment poses challenges on organisms and there is competition for
survival.
3) Organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass
along their genes.
4) Organisms will produce more offspring than are capable of surviving.
6) What is the importance of a common naming system for species?
Binomial Nomenclature is a system where species are given two specific names. Ex) Homo
sapiens. This is useful because it is very specific and written in Latin, a dead language.
Therefore everywhere in the world the words in Latin have the same meaning.
7) Understand the following patterns in evolution.
Adaptive Radiation- Many new species which branched from an original common
ancestor. Ex) Darwin’s finches.
Gradualism- Slow and steady changes that occur in organisms. Eventually new
species will arise.
Punctuated Equilibrium- Large portions of time that represent minimal changes to a
species called stasis. Occasionally large “jumps” in evolution and the formation of
new species occur rapidly and in large numbers.
8) Be able to use a universal codon chart.
9) Draw and identify analogous and homologous structures.
10) Make a cladogram of the members in your family.
1. The fertilized egg is a single cell which contains
a. Two distinct nuclei
b. More chromosomes from the female than from the male parent
c. Chromosomes from both egg and sperm****
d. One nucleus and one haploid set of chromosomes
2. In what ways are human sperm and eggs similar?
a. They have approximately the same mass
b. About the same number is produced in a human’s lifespan
c. They are both motile
d. They have the same number of chromosomes****
3. If a defective gene is on the X chromosome, transmission to a female can be
a. Only from the mother****
b. Only from the father
c. Either from the mother or the father
d. Only by a mistake in chromosome replication
In humans, unusual numbers of sex chromosomes sometimes occur due to error, such as
XO = female, usually sterile; XXX = female, low fertility rate; XXY = male, tall and sexually
underdeveloped.
4. Refer to the information above. What conclusion can be drawn from studies of these
disorders of chromosome number?
a. The two X chromosomes are necessary to produce females
b. The number of X chromosomes determines the sex of the child
c. The Y chromosomes does not carry genetic information
d. The presence of a Y chromosome determines sex in humans****
1. Which is older
a.
b.
c.
d.
The universe****
The galaxy
The solar system
The Sun
2. The term Big Bang describes the beginning of the
a.
b.
c.
d.
The universe****
The galaxy
The solar system
The Sun
3. What came first?
a. Life
b. Atoms****
c. Molecules
d. Hydrocarbons
4. The best definition of a species is
a. a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring.****
b. a group of organisms that live within the same geographic area
c. a group of organisms that share similar traits.
d. a group of organisms that look alike
5. A taxonomist relies on differences and similarities in which categories when classifying
organisms?
a. Genetic
b. Anatomical
c. Cellular
d. All of the above****
6. New species are formed when two populations
a.
b.
c.
d.
differ phenotypically.
are separated by a geographic barrier.
live under different climatic conditions.
can no longer produce viable offspring.****
7. Homologies are similarities of structure that indicate
a.
b.
c.
d.
common physical characteristics.
diversity.
related ancestry.****
similar biochemistry
8. Analogies are similarities of structure that indicate
a.
b.
c.
d.
9.
common physical characteristics.****
diversity.
related ancestry.
similar biochemistry.
Charles Darwin’s work has affected biological classification in that
a. he introduced the idea of similarities and differences that are based on
evolutionary changes****
b. he was the first to use a binomial nomenclature
c. his geological studies showed that classification is appropriate only for modern
changes
d. he introduced the study of molecular data as part of classification
10. The process of evolution by natural selection
a.
b.
c.
d.
Was described by Lamarck
Is utilitized by animal breeders to produce new breeds of dogs
Explains why bacteria have become more resistant to penicillin****
Describes how organisms willfully changed themselves to survive
11. In general, the lower the rock layer
a.
b.
c.
d.
The younger the fossils
The less preserved the organisms****
The more complex the organisms were
The more diverse fossils are in relation to one another
12. What is the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Natural Selection****
Genetic Mutation
Random chance
All of the above
13. Which of the following is not evidence for evolution?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fossil record
Biogeography
Vestigial structures
The Big Bang****
14. The process of speciation is so slow that no human has ever seen it occur?
a. True
b. False****
15. Punctuated equilibrium refers to
a.
b.
c.
d.
Adaptive radiation
Coevolution
Short periods of rapid speciation followed by long periods of stability****
Comparing the fossil record to homologous structures
16. When new species of common ancestry slowly split off and begin to change at similar
rates this is known as:
a. Adaptive radiation
b. Gradualism****
c. Punctuated equilibrium
d. Co-evolution
17. The different species of finch Darwin found on the different Galapagos Islands are a
good example of
a. Gradualism
b. Punctuated equilibrium
c. Adaptive radiation****
d. Co-evolutio
Evaluate the following statements for veracity. Mark (A) true, or (B) false
18. Gradualism is the gradual change of species of evolutionary time True
19. Evolution is a conscious process, that is, that organisms can choose to direct their own
evolution False
20. Scientists classify organisms to aid in creating an evolutionary tree of the planet True