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For about 500 years… Rome was a Republic ‘Senatus Populus Que Romanus’ the Senate and the People of Rome Roman Republic: Government Consols (2): two of them, one-year term, veto power • Dictator (1): in special circumstances, could be elected for 6-months Senate (300): advised, served for life Assemblies Patricians & Plebians Patricians: landholding upper class Patricians Plebeians: farmers, merchants, artisans, traders Plebeians Slaves The Struggle of the Orders Inequality between patricians & plebians • Arbitrary exercise of power by magistrates Importance of plebian soldiers 494 BCE Tribunes, Plebian Council 450 BCE Twelve Tables 445 BCE Intermarriage okay The Struggle of the Orders 367 BCE Licinian-Sextian Laws 300 BCE Admitted to most important priesthoods 287 BCE Laws passed by Plebian Council apply to all Romans New, more stable nobility; internal peace Expansion and defense possible Roman Expansion (in Italy) Took 200 years Granted full or partial citizenship • Tax and legal benefits • Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas Roman Expansion (Colonies) Strategic locations Established by treaty Troops sent when needed Customs of the area left intact Mostly for trade, with some military purposes As they expanded their control… …the Romans built an excellent network of roads Their road system is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements Why do you think they built them? The Roman Road System… Allowed easy military transport Enabled trade and commerce Helped unify expanding Roman territories Pattern of Roman Conquest Roman territory borders new neighbors New mutual fears and/or chances for conquest Rome eventually wins those wars Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Romans next came in contact with… …the Carthaginian Empire Punic Wars: Overview Carthage a former Phoenician colony Empire in North Africa Rome & Carthage fought three times The Punic Wars (Punic < Puni/Poeni “Phoenicia”) First Punic War (264 - 241 BCE) Fought on land & sea (mostly sea) Result… Roman Victory! Carthage has to give up Sicily But sets up strong base in Spain Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE) Hannibal leads Carthaginian army overland & into Italy from the north Defeats Roman armies again and again, but hesitant to attack Rome directly Roman army invades North Africa Result… Roman Victory at Battle of Zama! Carthage reduced to dependent ally of Rome Third Punic War (149 - 146 BCE) Fears that Carthage might rise again • “Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.” Three year siege Result… Roman Victory! Carthage’s walls breached, city burned After the Carthaginians… …the Macedonian Kingdoms Continuing Roman Conquest Macedon (Antigonid) & Asia Minor (Seleucid) move to expand their realms (Syria/Palestine & Greece) worrisome to Rome Macedon (149 BCE), Greece (146 BCE), Pergamum (133 BCE) annexed Treatment becomes harsher Profit to state, army, and general Economic Results of Conquest Brought lots of wealth to Rome latifundia Wealthy families bought huge estates, conquered people forced to work as slaves Slave labor hurts small farmers debt, sell land, move to city for work Gap between rich and poor widens riots and chaos Changing Roman Culture Religion – influence of East • cult of Cybele • Babylonian astrology Changing Roman Culture Education – Greek influence • Language, literature, philosophy, rhetoric • Practical, vocational, moral broad intellectual training, critical thinking, focus on ideas, produce well-rounded people Changing Roman Culture Slavery – Basic element in economy (100s BCE) • Latifundia – Slave rebellions – Gradually declines Roman Culture: Cicero Great orator and politician • rhetorical model for centuries Stoic ideas • law of state should accord with natural law • everyone citizen of a single society Roman Culture: Lucretius Leading Roman Epicurean philosopher-poet • Simple, serene life • Avoid passion, religion, political involvement On the Nature of Things Roman Culture: Playwrights Plautus and Terence • features of 4th/3rd century Greek comedy • Plautus more boisterous • Terence more polished, refined style Roman Culture: Catallus Great lyric poet Personal themes (love, loss, etc.), witty, no moral lessons or political issues You ask, my Lesbia, how many of your kisses are enough and more than enough for me. As big a number as the Libyan sand-grains that lie at asafoetida-bearing Cyrene between the oracle of sultry Jupiter or as many stars, when the night is quiet, and the sacred tomb of old Battus; see the secret loves of men. So many kisses for mad Catullus to kiss you are enough and more than enough, [kisses] which neither the curious can count nor an evil tongue bewitch. Roman Culture: Law Twelve Tables • Praetors interpret and apply jus civile - “civil law”/“common law” (Romans only) jus gentium - “law of nations” • jus naturale - “natural law” Economic Results of Conquest Brought lots of wealth to Rome latifundia Wealthy families bought huge estates, conquered people forced to work as slaves Slave labor hurts small farmers debt, sell land, move to city for work Gap between rich and poor widens riots and chaos Economic > Political Problems Gracchus Brothers – Tiberius (133) and Gaius (123) -- tribunes • Worked to get the state to distribute land to the poor farmers • Also to give grain to the poor • Senate felt they were a threat violence, political rifts More Political Problems Government changes & evolves more corrupt Ambitious politicians (/military commanders) • Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar, etc. Civil Wars • Marius vs Sulla, Pompey vs Caesar, Octavian vs Marc Antony Next time… …the fall of the Republic