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Florence:The Gradle of the Renaissance 29.1 Introduction h a 4 .: ar In the last chapter,you learned that the Renaissancebegan in Italy. In this chapter, you will visit the Italian city of Florenceto learn about a numberof advances that were made during the Renaissance. Florenceis locatedon the Arno River,just north of the centerof Italy. The city is often called the "cradle of the Renaissance." Between 1300 and 1600,it was home to some of the greatestartists and thinkers of the Renaissance. \ tti Renaissance Florencewas a beautiful city. One of its most notablebuildings was the duomo, or cathedral,of SantaMaria del Fiore. The domed cathedralwas the center of the city's religious life. Nearby was the PalazzoVecchio(Old Palace).This building was the headquartersof the city government.The grand PalazzoMedici was the home of Florence'sruling family, the Medicis. A more humble housewas the Casadi Dante (Dante'sHouse).It was the home of Italy's most famouspoet. s tr During Renaissance times, Florencewas the banking centerof Europe.People from around Europe came to the Mercato Nuovo (New Market) to trade their coins for florins, the gold coins of Florence.Another busy spot was the PonteVecchio (Old Bridge). This beautiful bridge spannedthe Arno River and was lined with the shopsof fine jewel- i6 >t ers and goldsmiths. Florence'swealth helpedto make it a cultural leader during the Renaissance. In this chapter, you lvill visit severalplacesin the FW city to learn about Renaissance advancesin a numberof fields. You'll explore Renaissance architecture and engineering, painting, sculpture, literature, and science and mathematics. You'll alsofind out aboutFlorentinepolitics and commerce and trade. Florence: The Cradle of the Renaissance 323 29.2The Gity of Florence Florence was Italy's leading cultural center during the Renaissance.The city was the birthplace of the great poet Dante Alighieri. The famed painter and sculptor Michelangelo grew up there. So did the brilliant thinker and artist Leonardo da Vinci. Other Florentines, such as the sculptor Donatello, also made their mark on the Renaissance. What made Florence so special?One answer is its location.As you rememberfrom the last chapter,in Renaissance times Italy was divided into city-states.Florencewas one of thesecitystates.The city's location on the Arno River made it an important center for trade and commerce. Florence becamethe hub of woolen-cloth trading for all of Europe.About 100,000residentslived inside the city walls. Renaissance Florencewas dominatedby a singlefamily, the Medicis. The Medicis acquired their wealth through Florence's major industry: banking. In the early 14th century, Florence becameEurope'sbanking center. The banking and wool tradescreated wealth that supportedintense cultural activity in Florence.The city and its rich residentscould afford to be patrons of talented artists and ThePalazzo Vecchio housed thegov- thinkers.The Medicis, for example,spentlavish sums on art. Their Localauthorities home was a gathering place for artists, philosophers,and poets. ernment of Florence. wantedto awepeoplewiththeir Michelangeloonce lived for a time in the Medici household,where powerandalsohavea placeof he mingled with other artists. safety, sothisbuilding wasmade to looklikea fortressor castle. Over time, the work produced by Florentines inspired still more creative activity. People learnedfrom one another,and they sometimes competedto produce even greaterwork. Florentines were also influenced by ideas from other places.The city drew travelers from many parts of the world. Some came to do business.Some came to study art .} r- with Florence's master artists. Others came to learn at the city's schools and libraries.Thesevisitors brought new ideas,goods,and technologies that enlivenedthe city. Florentines were also inspired by the freedom of ideas that was at the core of humanism. Recall that humanistsprized the individual and tried to look with fresh eyes at nature and human society.You'll seethe influenceof humanismthroughoutthis chapteras you study examples of Renaissance advances. 324 Chapter29 .- /- 0 29.3 Advances in Architecture and Engineering You have learnedthat the humanistscholarsof the Renaissance were influencedby classicalideas.So too were architectsand builders. Renaissance architectsstudiedGreek and Roman ruins, and they modeled their own buildings on what they learned.They were particularly attractedto roundedarches,straightcolumns,and domedroofs. i Architectsalso addedtheir own ideasto classicalbuilding styles. During the Renaissance, wealthy families built private townhouses known aspalazzi (palaces).Many had shopson the ground floor and homesabove.Most palazzi were built arounda private courtyard,which might Thedome oftheDuomo diSanta MariadelFiore rises fromtheocta(eight gonal sidedl cathedral, lts design isoneofthegreatengineering achievements oftheRenaissance. contain statuesand other works of art. 1r r f* ' Public spaceswere often influenced by humanistideals.For example,humanists valued good citizenship.Architects designedpublic buildings where citizens could interactin settingsthat were grand yet welcoming.They usedRomaninspired,roofed porchescalled loggia to join buildings and createoutdoor plazas. Advancesin engineeringmade new kinds of architecturepossible.For instance.one of the most impressive architecturalfeatsof the Renaissance was the great cathedral,the Duomo di SantaMaria del Fiore. Florentinesstarted building this eighrsided cathedralin 1296,but they had to leave an opening for the dome.At the time. thev didn't know how to build a large enoughdome that would not collapse.It took a Renaissance architect,Filippo Brunelleschi,to solvethe problem. Brunelleschihad studiedancientruins in Rome. He had also learned aboutthe mathematicsinvolved in creatingbuildings.The dome he designedand built for the cathedraltook true engineeringgenius.It 'rsedno internal supportbeamsor columns.Instead,eight huge stone &rchesmet at the top of the dome and leanedagainsteachother.Hoops of iron, wood, and brick wrappedaroundthe arches,keepingthem in place.Brunelleschiinventedmachinescalled hoists to raisebuilding materials and food to workers at the top of the dome as they were building it. hoist a mechanicaldevice used people to lift or heavyobjects T'hemagnificentdome was finished in 1436.It stoodmore than 3t\0 feet abovethe city. It still standstoday,over 500 yearslater.From its tcrpyou can seemost of the city of Florence. Florence:The Cradle of the Renaissance 325 29.4 Advances in Painting center of Wealthy patrons made RenaissanceFlorence a thriving palaces'paintings' art. The Medicis spenthuge sums of money on fine andstatues.ThePa|azzoMediciwasfilledwithworksofartthatwere commissionedbY the familY' painters, Patronslike the Medicis createdopportunities for talented As you learned who made a number of advancesin style and technique' by the renewed in the last chapter,Renaissancepainterswere influenced They wanted interest in classical culture and the spreadof humanism' and who showed to depict real people who were posed in lifelike ways feelings.TheY also wantedto include realistic backgrounds' The result was a very different style from the more flat, rigid painting of the Middle Ages. One key advancemade bY RenaissancePainterswas the discovery of perspective.Painters use perspectiveto createthe appearanceof dePth on a flat surface.Renaissanceartists used severaltechniquesto indicate depth. One was the size of objects. The smaller a Painted object, the farther awaY it appears to be. The larger an object, the werethefirst painters Renaissance of PersPective' to usetechniques of the Adoration elli's Thisis Bottic Magi.Noticethe senseof distance, or depth,in the Painting' closer it aPPearsto be. Painters also learned that a feeling of depth that came closer together as they recededinto could be createdby lines could make figures the distance.They discoveredthat careful shading of the Magi' a famous and objects look three-dimensional'Adoration techniques' painting by SandroBotticelli, showssomeof these advances'The Scienceand mathematicshelped artists make other out how to divide Florentine artist Masaccio used geometry to figure as they would in the spacein a painting to make scenesappearmore They observed real life. Leonardo da Vinci and others studied anatomy' them to portray the bodies and how they moved. Their studieshelped human bodY more realisticallY' Renaissancesciencealsogavepaintersnewmaterials,suchasoilmixing powdered basedpaints, to work with. Oil paint was made by paint was thicker and pigments (colors) with linseed oil' This type of paint' Oil paint also dried more slowly than the older, egg-based to show details and allowed artists to paint over previous work and texture in new waYs. 326 ChaPter29 !r,t \ L )a \ .-'.. \ I 29.5 Advances in Sculpture .J Like painters,Renaissancesculptorswere influencedby the humanist interestin realism.They were also inspiredby ancientRoman statues dug up from ruins. Sculptorsbegancarving figures that looked like real peopleand showedemotions. ,r For the first time sincethe days of ancientGreeceand Rome, sculptors made freestandingstatuesthat could be viewed in the round. This was very different from the relief sculpturesof medievaltimes.The new statuescausedquite a sensation.They seemedto symbolizethe humanistidealsof independenceand individuality. Donatello,a Florentine,was one of the first sculptorsto use the new, more lifelike style. His work expressedpersonalityand mood.A good exampleis his statueof David, the young warrior in the Bible story /= I t; of David and Goliath. In the 1500s,Giorgio Vasari,an architectand painter,wrote that Donatello'sDavid is "so natural...it is almost impossible...tobelieveit was not molded on the living form." This statue is thought to be the first life-size nude statuesinceclassicaltimes. Donatello'swork influencedFlorence'sother great sculptor, Michelangelo.This famous artist is renownedboth for his painting and his sculpture.He was also a talented poet and architect.Of all thesearts,he preferredsculpturebecauseit seemedto bring his subjectsto life. Michelangelocreatedhis own majesticstatueof David. It may be the II * world's most widely admiredsculpture. Carvedin white marble,Michelangelo's David standsabout 17 feet tall. It is famed as an ideal of male beauty,yet it reflectshumanistideas.David's expression shows the concentrationand tension tf of a real youth on the verge of battle. Michelangelo'sDavid was installed in the Piazza della Signoria, the plaza in front of the PalazzoVecchio. It became the prized expressionof Renaissance genius in Florence. ' Mi"h"lungelo had an enonnous inf luence on other artists.Giorgio Vasari wais one of his followers. He wrote, "Wlhat a happy age we live in! And lcu'l fortunate are our craftsmen, who hard:been given light and vision by Michelangelo." sits Moses(above) by Michelangelo at thetombof PopeJuliusll in Rome. the Davidis perhaps Michelangelo's in the sculpture world. mostadmired 29.6 Advances in Literature Literature, like other Renaissanceart forms, was changedby the rebirth of interestin classicalideasand the rise of humanism.During the ltalian Renaissance,the topics that people wrote about changed. to earthlylife secular relating ratherthanto religionor spiritual mafters So did their style of writing and the languagein which they wrote. In medievaltimes, literatureusually dealt with religious topics.Most writers used a formal, impersonal style. Most Italian writers wrote in Latin. Their work could be read only by a few highly educatedpeople. In contrast,Renaissancewriters were interestedin individual experienceand in the world aroundthem. Writing about secular, or nonreligious, topics becamemore common. Writers used a more individual style, and they expressedthoughts and feelings about life. By the end of the Renaissance,most writers were writing in their own dialect instead of Latin. As a result, far more people could read their work. Dante Alighieri, a native of Florence,was the first well-known writer to createliteraturein his native language.His besrknown work, The Divine Comedy,was written in the early 1300s.This long poem describes Dante's imaginary journey through the placeswhere Christians believed Dante, writerin a Renaissance Florence, wrotea longpoem called painted that souls went in the afterlife. With the spirit of the ancient Roman TheDivineComedy. Danteis herewithscenes ofheaven andhell poet Virgil as his guide, Dante witnessesthe torments of souls condemned to Inferno, or hell. Virgil also takes him to Purgatory, a place asdescribed inhispoem. between heaven and hell where souls await entry into heaven. Then a beautiful woman named Beatrice shows him Paradise.or heaven. t Like other humanist art, The Divine Comedyhighlights strong emotions and the experiencesof i L individuals.Dante'spoem is a social commentary,too. It is filled with real people. The inhabitants of hell included people Dante disapprovedof. People he admired &/t a appearedin heaven. Dante's work becamea model for other Renaissancewriters. He, strongly influencedtwo importarit Florentine writers, Petrarchand 1 Boccaccio.They describedpeoi ple's lives with a new intensityfof feeling. Like Dante,they wrot{: using the local dialect, so theirl words touchedmany more people. 328 Chapter29 4:' ith - t*^ 29.7 Advances in Science and Mathematics in thc arts.Scholars Leonardo The Renaissance was not.justa time clf progress daVincistudied many including things, humananatomy. in scienccand mathematics. and othersalsomadegreatadvances Befbrethe Renaissance. mostof whatpeoplebelievedaboutthe naturalworld was basedon ideasin ancientGreekand Rornantexts. As the humanistspirit took hold. pcoplestartcd questioning old ideas.They begancarefullyobserv- Thesesketches of themuscles oJ thearmarefromhisnotebooks. ing the world aroundthern.Insteadof rclyin-uon old booksandtheories.scicntists beganto pedirrrn They analyzedthe resultsusin-9 experiments. mathematics and logic.This approachto research changedthe studyol-:ciertce. One of the nrostcreativeRenaissance thinkcrs was Leonardoda Vinci. Leonardowas r.urartist.a scientist. and an inventor.He studicdunderart rnasters in Florenceand did hrsearly work there.lt is saidthat he was often to be fbund thinkingancl sketchingat his favoritechurch.Orsanmichelc. &/ Leonardowasendlessly curious.Hc did not acceptanythin-sas true until he haclprovedit hirnself. In his notebooks.he sketchedand wrote abolrt an amazingvarietyof topics.He wrote about -ucometry.engineering. sound,motion.and architecture. includin-e He studiedanator.ny. the circulation of blood and the workingsof the eye. He learned aboutthe efl'ectsof the moon on Earth'stides.He was the first personto draw r.naps fron.ra brrcl'seye view (abovethe ground).As an inventor, , weapons. he designed brrd-res. and manyother machines.Amon-rrhis rrany farsightedideaswas an underwater diving suit. and mathernaticians OtherItalianscientists madebreakthroughs as well. GirolamoCardano solvedcomplexequationsin algebra.Cardano.who was interested in garnblin-u. alsodid pioneering :,',;,', or"1 . ti$"\ "hxfil"tt' :, - llsl -;'; p" )'.'1t 1' z t, ^'t^it,' ^: 6)!)gn,1,' ,i'1 . f't.,,1u'1t)1pt;i + ity. He provedthata heavierobjectand a lighter objectfall at the samerate.I1'thetwo objectsare droppedf}om the sameheight.they reachthc groundat the sametirr-re. Galileoalsobuilt the first telescope thatcouldbe usedto look into space.He usedhis telescopeto discoverslurspotsand the nroousof the planetJupiter. { .-;,i:l"l%l:flnlfl:*?#|!^ circulation themovement of thebody bloodthrough By emphasizing observation andexperir.nent. Galileoandother paveclthe way fbr modernscience. Renaissance scientists Florence:The Cradleof the Renaissance 329 I I ^h' jt'':rl,iffi :fr,,:*i.Ati, work in probability. the scienceof chance.Galileo gravGalileidid importantexperinrents concernin-g 29.4 Florentine Politics The local governmentof Florencewas housedin the Palazzo Vecchio.Like other ltalian city-states,Florencewas ruled by a governing board.As you learnedin Chapter28, however,theseboardswere often controlledby rich families.The powerful Medici family con- J trolled Florence for nearly three centuries. The Medicis maintainedtheir power in a number of ways. They built palacesand kept a strongmilitary. They were involved in all aspectsof life in the city. They were great supportersof artists,writers, and musicians.The Medicis also defeatedenemieswho plotted against bl the family or even to murder someof its members. Florins werethemostvaluable coinsin allof Europe during the Renaissance. One of the most powerful membersof the Medicis was Lorenzo the Magnificent.A leadingpatron of art and scholarship,Lorenzo ruled Florencefor more than 20 years,from 1469 until his deathin 1492. Two yearslater,a revolution forced the Medicis into temporaryexile. In 1512,the family regainedpower. ! g A Florentinestatesmanand historian,Niccolo Machiavelli, watched thesestrugglesfor power.During the Medicis' exile, he reorganizedthe city's defenses.He also servedas a diplomat and spenttime observing the actionsof other Italian rulers. Machiavelli drew on his expe- f. riencesin a famous book called The Prince. The book was a frank accountof how politics and governmentreally worked. Machiavelli advisedrulers to make their statesstrongby doing what t worked best, rather than by being good or moral. He said that they shouldeven lie if if helpedthem to rule. In his view, the end, or purpose,justified the means(the actions taken to achieve a certain purpose).Rulers,he wrote, should be feared rather than loved. The Prince seemsto contradict humanistidealsaboutpeople's goodness.Its cold realism shocked many readers.Yet in other ways the book shows the influence of t'I s humanistideas.It was the productof one individual's careful obserTheProcession of theMagiisa fresco fromoneoftheMedici familv's vation and thinking. It was concernedwith how things really worked in the world. It also separatedideasabout governmentfrom religion. oal aces inFlor ence , In this respect,The Prince was a very modern work. 330 Chapter29 \D 29.9 Florentine Gommerce and Trade As you have learned,one reasonthat Florencebecamea cultural +.;. .t centerwas the wealth that tradeand commercebrought to the city. Let's concludeour visit to Renaissance Florencewith a look at this part of the city's life. The economyof Florencewas unusually flexible. Its first greatindustrywas woolen-cloth making, but peopleoften worked in several kinds of business.The owner of a cloth factory might also deal in banking and real estate.A grain dealermight also be a lawyer.Peopleoften belongedto severalof Florence'sguilds at once. {. The shift to a money economyduring the t Renaissancehelpedcreatea thriving banking industry in Florence.The Medicis, for example, startedout as merchantsand moneylenders. Over time, FlorencebecameEurope'sbanking hub. The Medicis becameone of the wealthiest families in Italy, and Florencebecamericher lp than the largestkingdoms in Europe.Popes and kings borrowed money from its 80 banks. There were two market centersin the city. At the Mercato Vecchio(Old Market), people bought everydayitems like vegetables,fruits, 't bread,fish, meat,medicine,and shoes.The MercatoVecchiowas crowded,noisy,and smelly.Still, peoplefrom all over Europecame thereto buy and sell goods. The MercatoNuovo (New Market) was built in the mid 1500sas s centerfor the cloth and banking industries.City officials bannedfood and weaponsfrom this new market.They wantedit to be clean and orderly as a sign that commercewas highly regardedin Florence. Florence's MercatoNuovo(New Marketlwasmuchcleanerandnicer thanthe city'sMercatoVecchio(Old Market). TheMercatoNuovorepresentedFlorence's highstatusin Europeas a centerof commerce. The Mercato Nuovo becameone of the largestfinancialmarketplaces in Europe.Peopletraveledfrom far and wide to get loansor to convert their money into florins, which could be used anywherein Europe. ff 29-10 Chapter Summary \ In this chapter,you visitedFlorenceto learnaboutRenaissance advancesin a numberof fields.You sawhow humanisminfluenced artistsandthinkerslike MichelangeloandI-eonardoda Vinci. You alsolearnedaboutMachiavelli'spolitical ideasandFlorentinetrade and commerce. In the next chapter,you will learnhow Renaissance ideasspread from Italy acrossEurope.Thenyou will meetl0leading figuresof the Renaissance-people who changedthe world with their ideas. 1I II Florence:The Cradle of the Renaissance 33I 29.7 Advances in Science and Mathematics lt- The Renaissance was notjust a time of progress in the arts.Scholars Leonardo many daVincistudied great in mathematics. and othersalsomade advances scienceancl things, including humananaromy. people Befbrethe Renaissance, most of what Thesesketches of the muscles o{ believedaboutthe naturalworld wasbasedon ideasin ancientGreekand Romantexts. As the humanistspirit took hold. peoplestarted questioningold ideas.They begancarefullyobserv- thearmarefromhisnotebooks. ing the world aroundthem. Insteadof relyin-eon tj old booksandtheories.scientists beganto perlorm experiments. They analyzedthe resultsusing mathematics and logic.This approachto research changedthe studyol'science. One of the mostcreativeRenaissance thinkers was I-eonardoda Vinci. Leonardowas an artist.a scientist.and an inventor.He studiedunderart rnasters in Florenceand did his early work there.It is a saidthat he was ofien to be fbund thinkingand sketchingat his favoritechurch,Orsanmichele. fo Leonardowas endlesslycurious.He did not acceptanythingas true until he had provedit him- ;r[{xrir*1{ 'li,",ll'g',:"t't*l'*'"7 nurral 4i "r'l i rmrl ! \')r .dna)od', .{^dl r'.'9 rtci rn' self. In his notebooks.he sketchedand wrote about an amazingvarietyof topics.He wrote aboutgeometry,engineering.sound,motion,and architecture. He studiedanatomy.includingthe circulation I' of blood and the workingsof the eye.He learned aboutthe eff'ectsof the moon on Earth'stides.He was the first personto draw nrapsfiom a bird'seye view (abovethe ground).As an inventor. '?.t he designedbridges,weapons,and many other machines.Among his many larsightedideaswas ,1, n","n, u"a1,]' ! i, ,t ,l I" +var *,f'u t an underwater diving suit. r) OtherItalian scientistsand mathematicians madebreakthroughs as well. GrrolamoCardano solvedcomplexequationsin al-eebra. Cardano,who was interestedin gambling.alsodid pioneering work in probability,the scienceof chance.Galileo gravGalileidid importantexperinrents concerning ity. He provedthat a heavierobjectand a li-chter objectfall at the samerate.I1'thetwo objectsaredroppedf}om the sameheight,they reachthe groundat the sametime. Galileoalsobuilt the first telescopethat could be usedto Iook into space.He usedhis il circulation themovement of bloodthrough thebody telescope to discoversunspotsand the moonsof the planetJupiter. By emphasizing observationand experiment,Galileoand other Renaissance scientistspavedthe way for modernscience. Florence:The Cradleof the Renaissance 329