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From: Promoting Perioperative Metabolic and Nutritional Care Anesthes. 2015;123(6):1455-1472. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000795 Figure Legend: The surgically stressed state is characterized by an elevation in protein turnover (i.e., protein synthesis and degradation), release of amino acids into circulation, urinary nitrogen losses, and impaired uptake of amino acids in skeletal tissue. Lean tissue is catabolized, releasing amino acids into circulation (including glutamine, alanine, and the branched chain amino acids [BCAAs]), while hepatic amino acid uptake is enhanced. This allows for reprioritization of protein synthesis to acute phase reactants and the production of glucose via gluconeogenesis. Glutamine (Glu) and alanine (Ala) account for the majority of the amino acid efflux from peripheral tissues 5/5/2017 and are readily extracted from circulation by the liver.ofThe excess nitrogen is converted in the liver to urea by Date of download: Copyright © 2017 American Society Anesthesiologists. All rights reserved. combining ammonia (NH ) with CO (carbon dioxide). Urea is then released into circulation, traveling to the kidneys, where it can be