* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology
Survey
Document related concepts
Soundscape ecology wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Safety data sheet wikipedia , lookup
Ecosystem services wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Natural environment wikipedia , lookup
History of wildlife tracking technology wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Section One: Ecologists Study Relationships Ecology: the study of interactions among living things Ecologists study the relationships between the levels of organization Levels of Organization (ordered from smallest to largest) Organism: an individual living thing Population: a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area Community: a group of different species that live in the same area Ecosystem: all organisms and abiotic factors in an area Biome: major regional or global community of organisms Section One: Ecologists Study Relationships Ecologists use different tools to conduct research on these relationships Observation Experimentation ( in the lab or field) Modeling Computer and Mathematic Models Section Two: Biotic and Abiotic Factors Components of an Ecosystems Biotic Factors: living things in an ecosystem Abiotic Factors: nonliving things in an ecosystems such as temperature, sunlight, wind, and soil Section Two: Biotic and Abiotic Factors Everything is interconnected If you change one thing in an ecosystem you change everything Biodiversity: the variety of living things in an ecosystem Section Two: Biotic and Abiotic Factors Everything is interconnected Keystone Species: a species that has an unusually large effect on the ecosystem Section Three: Energy in Ecosystems Energy Flow in Ecosystems Producers: organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources and provide energy for other organisms in the ecosystem Can also be called autotrophs Consumers: organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living sources Can also be called heterotrophs Section Four: Food Chains and Food Webs Food Chains: a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships Always flows in one direction Section Four: Food Chains and Food Webs Types of Consumers Herbivores: organisms that eat only plants Carnivores: organisms that eat only animals Omnivores: organisms that eat plants and animals Detritivores: organisms that eat dead organic matter Decomposers: detritivores that break down organic matter into simple compounds Specialists: eats only one specific organism Generalists: eats many different organisms Section Four: Food Chains and Food Webs Trophic Levels: the levels of nourishment in a food chain Energy flows up the food chain from the lowest trophic level to the highest Section Four: Food Chains and Food Webs Food Web: a model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within an ecosystem Flow many different ways Section Five: Cycling of Matter The Water Cycle Also called the hydrologic cycle Section Five: Cycling of Matter The Oxygen Cycle Most organism need oxygen to live Section Five: The Cycling of Matter The Carbon Cycle Section Five: The Cycling of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle Most organism can only use nitrogen in two forms Ammonium and Nitrate Nitrogen Fixation: a process in which certain types of bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen in to ammonia Section Five: The Cycling of Matter The Phosphorus Cycle Most of the cycle takes place underground Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks Plants and fungi take up the phosphate Section Six: Pyramid Models Energy Pyramid: a diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels Biomass: the measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area Biomass (or energy) is lost as you go up the pyramid