Download 希腊字母在数学,科学和工程中的意义

文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
本文档下载自文档下载网，内容可能不完整，您可以点击以下网址继续阅读或下载：
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980
希腊字母在数学,科学和工程中的意义(En)
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, andengineering
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas
wheremathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and
alsoconventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts,
thecapital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
Those
Greek letters which have the same form as Latin letters are usually not used: capital
A,B, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, X, Y, Z. Small ι (iota), ο (omicron) and υ (upsilon)
are alsorarely used, since they closely resemble the Latin letters i, o and u.
Sometimes fontvariants of Greek letters are used as distinct symbols in mathematics,
in particular forφ (phi) and π (pi).
In mathematical finance, the Greeks are the variables denoted by Greek letters used
todescribe the risk of certain investments.
English-speaking
mathehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980maticians
use
neither the modern nor the historical Greekpronunciations of the names of the letters,
but the traditional English pronunciation,e.g. /?θe?t?/ for θ, cf. ancient [t????ta]
and modern [?θita].
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
Contents
1 Typography
2 Concepts represented by a Greek letter
2.1
Αα
(alpha)2.2
Ββ
(beta)2.3
Γγ
(gamma)2.4
Δδ
(delta)2.5
Εε
(epsilon)2.6 ?? (digamma)2.7 Ζζ (zeta)2.8 Ηη (eta)2.9 Θθ (theta)2.10 Ιι
(iota)2.11 Κκ (kappa)2.12 Λλ (lambda)2.13 Μ? (mu)2.14 Νν (nu)2.15 Ξξ (xi)
2.16 Οο (omicron)2.17 Ππ (pi)2.18 Ρρ (rho)2.19 Σσ (sigma)2.20 Ττ (tau)2.21
Υυ (upsilon)2.22 Φφ (phi)2.23 Χχ (chi)2.24 Ψψ (psi)2.25 Ωω (omega)3 See
also4 References
Typography
The Greek letter forms used in maths are often different from those used in
Greek-language text: they are designed to be used
Greek alphabet
Α
α
AlphaΝνNuΒβBetaΞξXiΓγGammaΟοOmicronΔδDeltaΠπPiΕεEpsilonΡρRhoΖ
ζZetahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980Σσ?SigmaΗηEt
aΤτTauΘθThetaΥυUpsilonΙιIotaΦφPhiΚκKappaΧχChiΛλLambdaΨψPsiΜ?
Mu
Ωω
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
Omega
History
Archaic local variants ·
·
·
·
· Ligatures (?, ?, ?) · DiacriticsNumerals:
(6) ·
(90) ·
(900)
In other languagesBactrian
· Coptic
· Albanian
Scientific symbols
Book
·
Category ·
Commons
The Greek letter forms used in maths are often different from those used in
Greek-language text: they are designed to be usedin isolation, not connected to other
letters, and some use variant forms which are not normally used in current
Greektypography.
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
The OpenType font format has the feature tag 'mgrk' "Mathematical Greek" to identify
a glyph as representing a Greek letterto be used in mathematical (as opposed to Greek
language) contexts.
The
table
below
shows
a
comparison
of
Greek
letters
renderehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980d in TeX and HTML.
The font used in the TeX rendering is an italicstyle. This is in line with the
convention that variables should be italicized. As Greek letters are more often than
not used asvariables in mathematical formulas, a Greek letter appearing similar to
the TeX rendering is more likely to be encountered inworks involving mathematics.
Greek letters
NameTeXHTMLAlphaBetaGammaDeltaEpsilon
ΑαΒβΓγΔδΕ?ε
NameDigammaZetaEtaThetaIota
TeXHTML
??ΖζΗηΘθ?Ιι
NameTeXHTMLKappaLambdaMuNuXi
ΚκΛλΜ?ΝνΞξ
NameOmicronPiRhoSigmaTau
TeXHTML
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
ΟοΠπ?Ρρ?Σσ?Ττ
NameTeXHTMLUpsilonPhiChiPsiOmega
ΥυΦ?φΧχΨψΩω
Concepts represented by a Greek letter
Αα (alpha)
α represents:
the first angle in a triangle, opposite the side A
one root of a quadratic equation, where β represents the other
thttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980he ratio of collector
current to emitter current in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in electronicsthe
statistical significance of a resultthe false positive rate in statisticsthe
reciprocal of the sacrifice ratiothe fine structure constant in physicsthe angle of
attack of an airplanean alpha particle (He2 )
angular acceleration in physics
the linear thermal expansion coefficientthe thermal diffusivity
the alpha carbon is the first carbon after the carbon that attaches to a functional
group in organic chemistrythe α-carbon is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl
carbon in amino acidsright ascension in astrometry
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
Ββ (beta)
Β represents the beta functionβ represents:
the second angle in a triangle, opposite the side B
one root of a quadratic equation, where α represents the other
the
ratio
of
collector
current
to
base
current
in
a
bipolar
transhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980istor
junction
(BJT)
in
electronics (current gain)the false negative rate in statistics
the beta coefficient, the non-diversifiable risk, of an asset in mathematical
financethe sideslip angle of an airplane
the first-order effects of variations in Coriolis force with latitude in planetary
dynamicsa beta particle (e-)sound intensity
velocity divided by the speed of light in special relativitythe beta brain wave in
brain or cognitive sciences
ecliptic latitude in astrometry
ecliptic latitude in astrometry
Γγ (gamma)
Γ represents:
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the reflection coefficient of a transmission or telecommunication line.the
confinement factor of an optical mode in a waveguidethe gamma function, a
generalization of the factorialthe upper incomplete gamma function
the modular group, the group of fractional linear transformations
the
gamma
distribution,
a
continuous
probabilhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980ity
distribution defined using the gamma functionsecond-order sensitivity to price in
mathematical financethe Christoffel symbols of the second kindγ represents:
the partial safety factors applied to loads and materials in structural
engineeringthe specific weight of substances
the lower incomplete gamma function
the third angle in a triangle, opposite the side Cthe Euler-Mascheroni constant in
mathematicsgamma rays and the photon
the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamicsthe Lorentz factor in special relativitythe
damping constant (kg/s)
Δδ (delta)
Δ represents:
a finite differencea difference operatora symmetric differencethe Laplace operator
the angle that subtends the arc of a circular curve in surveyingthe determinant of
an inverse matrix[1]
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the maximum degree of any vertex in a given graph
the
difference
or
change
in
a
given
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980e.g.
variable,
?v
means
a
difference or change in velocitysensitivity to price in mathematical finance
distance to Earth, measured in astronomical unitsheat in a chemical formula
the discriminant in the quadratic formula which determines the nature of the roots
the degrees of freedom in a non-pooled statistical hypothesis test of two population
meansδ represents:
a variation in the calculus of variationsthe Kronecker delta function
the force of interest in mathematical financethe Dirac delta function
the Skorokhod integral in Malliavin calculus, a subfield of stochastic analysisthe
minimum degree of any vertex in a given graph
a partial charge. δ- represents a negative partial charge, and δ
represents a
positive partial chargechemistry (See also: Solvation)declination in astrometry
the Turner Function in computational material sciencenoncentrality measure in
statistihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980cs[2]
Εε (epsilon)
ε represents:
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
a small positive quantity; see limit
a small positive quantity; see limita random error in regression analysis
in set theory, the limit ordinal of the sequence in computer science, the empty
stringthe Levi-Civita symbol
in electromagnetics, dielectric permittivityemissivity
strain in continuum mechanicspermittivity
the Earth's axial tilt in astrometryelasticity in economics
expected value in probability theory and statisticselectromotive force
set membership symbol ∈ is based on ε
?? (digamma)
? is sometimes used to represent the digamma function, though the Latin letter F (which
is nearly identical) is usuallysubstituted.
Ζζ (zeta)
ζ represents:
the Riemann zeta function and other zeta functions in mathematicsthe coefficient of
viscous
friction
in
dynamichttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980sthe
polymer
damping
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
ratio
relative vertical vorticity in fluid dynamics
Ηη (eta)
η represents:
the intrinsic impedance of medium (usually free space)the partial regression
coefficient in statisticselasticities in economics
the absolute vertical vorticity (relative vertical vorticity
Coriolis effect) in
fluid dynamicsan index of refractiona type of mesonviscosityefficiency
the Minkowski metric tensor in relativitynoise in communication system models
Θθ (theta)
Θ represents:
an asymptotically tight bound related to big O notation.sensitivity to the passage
of time in mathematical financeΘ (set theory), a certain ordinal number
θ represents:
a plane angle in geometry
the
angle
to
the
x
axis
in
the
xy-plane
in
coordinatespotential temperature in thermodynamics
spherical
or
cylindrical
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the
mean
time
between
failure
in
reliahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980bility
engineeringsoil
water
contents
in
soil
scienceDebye
temperaturetheta
functionssometimes also ? ("script theta"), cursive form of theta, often used in
handwriting
sometimes also ? ("script theta"), cursive form of theta, often used in handwriting
the first Chebyshev function in number theory
Ιι (iota)
ι represents:
the index generator function in APL (in the form ?)
Κκ (kappa)
κ represents:
the Von Kármán constantthe kappa curve
the condition number of a matrix in numerical analysisthe connectivity of a graph
in graph theorycurvature
dielectric constant (ε / ε0)
thermal conductivity (usually a lowercase Latin k)thermal diffusivity
a spring constant (usually a lowercase Latin k)
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually γ)
Λλ (lambda)
Λ represents:
the
von
functionhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980
Mangoldt
in
number
theory
the set of logical axioms in the axiomatic method of logical deduction in first-order
logicthe cosmological constanta type of baryon
a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues in linear algebrathe permeance of a material in
electromagnetism
λ represents:
one wavelength of electromagnetic radiationthe decay constant in radioactivity
function expressions in the lambda calculusa general eigenvalue in linear algebra
the expected number of occurrences in a Poisson distribution in probabilitythe
arrival rate in queueing theory
the average lifetime or rate parameter in an exponential distribution (commonly used
across statistics,physics, and engineering)
the failure rate in reliability engineering
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the mean or average value (probability and statistics)the latent heat of fusion
the
lagrange
multiplier
in
the
mathematical
optimization
method,http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 known as the
shadow price in economicsthe Lebesgue measure denotes the volume or measure of a
Lebesgue measurable setlongitude in geodesylinear density
ecliptic longitude in astrometry
the Liouville function in number theorythe Carmichael function in number theory
a unit of measure of volume equal to one microlitre (1 ?L) or one cubic millimetre
(1 mm?)the empty string in formal grammar
Μ? (mu)
? represents:
the M?bius function in number theory
the ring representation of a representation module
the ring representation of a representation module
the population mean or expected value in probability and statisticsa measure in
measure theory
micro-, an SI prefix denoting 10?6 (one millionth)the coefficient of friction in
physicsthe service rate in queueing theorythe dynamic viscosity in physics
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
magnetic
permeability
in
electromagnetichttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980sa muon
reduced mass
chemical potential in condensed matter physics
Νν (nu)
ν represents:
frequency in physics in hertz (Hz)Poisson's ratio in material sciencea neutrino
kinematic viscosity of liquids
stoichiometric coefficient in chemistrydimension of nullspace in maths
Ξξ (xi)
Ξ represents:
the grand canonical ensemble found in statistical mechanicsa type of baryonξ
represents:
a random variable.
the extent of a chemical reactioncoherence lengththe damping ratiouniversal set
Οο (omicron)
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
Ο represents:
big O notation (may be represented by an uppercase Latin O as well)
Ππ (pi)
Π represents:
the product operator in mathematicsa plane
π represents:
Archimedes' constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameterthe
prime-counting function://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980
profit in microeconomics and game theory
inflation in macroeconomics, expressed as a constant with respect to timethe state
distribution of a Markov chain
a type of covalent bond in chemistry (pi bond)a pion (pi meson) in particle physics
in electronics, a special type of small signal model is referred to as a hybrid-pi
model
? (a graphic variant, see pomega) represents:
angular frequency of a wave, in fluid dynamics (angular frequency is usually
represented by ω but thismay be confused with vorticity in a fluid dynamics context)
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics[3]
longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics[3]comoving distance, in cosmology[4]
Ρρ (rho)
ρ represents:
the radius in a polar, cylindrical, or spherical coordinate systemthe correlation
coefficient in statistics
the
sensitivity
to
interest
ihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980n
rate
mathematical
financedensity (mass or charge per unit volume)resistivity
the shape and reshape operators in APL (in the form ?)the utilization in queueing
theorythe rank of a matrix
Σσ (sigma)
Σ represents:
the summation operatorthe covariance matrix
the set of terminal symbols in a formal grammar
σ represents:
Stefan's constant in blackbody radiationthe divisor function in number theory
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the real part of the complex variable s = σ
i t in analytic number theorythe sign
of a permutation in the theory of finite groups
the population standard deviation or spread in probability and statisticsa type of
covalent bond in chemistry (sigma bond)the selection operator in relational
algebrastress in mechanicselectrical conductivityarea density
nuclear cross sectionuncertainty
utilization
in
operations
managementsurface
charge
density
for
mihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980croparticles
Ττ (tau)
τ (lower-case) represents:
an interval of timea mean lifetime
torque, the rotational force in mechanicsthe elementary tau lepton in particle
physicsthe lifetime of a spontaneous emission process
the time constant of any device, such as an RC circuitproper time in relativity
a correlation coefficient — see Kendall's tau
the golden ratio 1.618... (although φ (phi) is more common)Ramanujan's tau function
in number theory
in astronomy, a measure of opacity, or how much sunlight cannot penetrate the
atmospherethe intertwining operator in representation theory
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the tau in biochemistry, a protein associated to microtubulesshear stress in
continuum mechanics
the number of divisors of highly composite numbers (sequence A000005 in OEIS)the
prefix of many stars, via the Bayer stellar designation system
an internal system http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980step
in transition systems
an internal system step in transition systems
a type variable in type theories, such as the simply typed lambda calculus
τ has been suggested as a circle constant to replace pi and has a value of 6.283...,
or 2×π
Υυ (upsilon)
Υ represents:
an elementary particle
Φφ (phi)
Φ represents:
the work function in physics; the energy required by a photon to remove an electron
from the surface of ametal
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
magnetic flux
the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution in statisticsphenyl
functional group
the reciprocal of the golden ratio (represented by φ, below), also represented as
1/φnote: a symbol for the empty set, , resembles Φ but is not Φφ represents:
the golden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architectureEuler's totient
function
in
number
theorya
holomorphic
map
on
anhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 analytic space
the argument of a complex number in mathematicsthe value of a plane angle in physics
and mathematicsthe angle to the z axis in spherical coordinateslatitude in geodesya
scalar fieldradiant fluxelectric potential
the probability density function of the normal distribution in statistics
a feature of a syntactic node giving that node characteristics such as gender, number
and person in syntax
Χχ (chi)
χ represents:
the chi distribution in statistics (χ2 is the more frequently encountered chi-square
distribution)the chromatic number of a graph in graph theorythe Euler characteristic
in algebraic topologya variable in algebraic equationselectronegativity in the
periodic tablethe Rabi frequency
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
the spinor of a fundamental particle
the Fourier transform of a linear response function (see susceptibility)
a
character
in
mathematics;
especiallhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980y a Dirichlet
character in number theorythe Sigma vectors in the unscented transform used in the
unscented Kalman filtersometimes the mole fraction
a characteristic or indicator function in mathematics
Ψψ (psi)
Ψ represents:
water potential
a quaternary combinator in combinatory logic
ψ represents:
the wave function in the Schr?dinger equation of quantum mechanics
the stream function in fluid dynamics
the stream function in fluid dynamicsyaw angle in vehicle dynamics
the angle between the x-axis and the tangent to the curve in the intrinsic coordinates
systemthe second Chebyshev function in number theory
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
Ωω (omega)
Ω represents:
the Omega constant
an asymptotic lower bound related to big O notation
in probability theory and statistical mechanics, the set of possible distinct system
statesthe
SI
uhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980nit
measure of electric resistance, the ohm
the rotation rate of an object, particularly a planet, in dynamicsa solid anglea
baryon
the arithmetic function counting a number's prime factors
the right ascension of the ascending node in celestial mechanicsthe density parameter
in cosmology
ω represents:
the first infinite ordinal
the set of natural numbers in set theory (although
or N is more common in other areas
of mathematics)an asymptotically dominant quantity related to big O notationin
probability theory, a possible outcome of an experimentangular velocity / radian
frequency
a complex cube root of unity — the other is ω? — (used to describe various ways
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
of calculating the discreteFourier transform)
vertical velocity in pressure-based coordinate systems (commonly used in atmospheric
dynamics)a meson
the
arithmetic
function
counting
a
number's
dihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980stinct prime factorsa
differential form (esp. on an analytic space)the argument of periapsis in celestial
mechanics
the symbol ?, a graphic variant of π, is sometimes construed as omega with a bar
over it; see π
See also
Greek alphabet
English pronunciation of Greek letters
A
pronunciation
guide
(http://skytonight.com/howto/The_Greek_Alphabet.html)Latin
with
letters
audio
used
in
mathematicsMathematical alphanumeric symbolsTable of mathematical symbols
Typographical conventions in mathematical formulaeThe Greeks (Greek letters used in
mathematical finance)
References
1. ^ http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/~igc/tch/eg1006/notes/node119.html
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
2. ^ Applied Linear Statistical Models (5th ed.). Michael H. Kutner, Christopher J.
Nachtsheim, John Neter, & William Li. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-310874-X.
xxviii
1396 pp.
3. ^ Pomega - from Erihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980c
Weisstein's World of Physics (http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Pomega.html)
4.
^
Outline
for
Weeks
14&15,
Astronomy
225
Spring
2008
(http://odin.physastro.mnsu.edu/~eskridge/astr225/week14.html)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering&oldid=45400012
9"Categories: Mathematical notationGreek letters
This page was last modified on 5 October 2011 at 00:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. SeeTerms of use for details.
Wikipedia? is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
文档下载网是专业的免费文档搜索与下载网站，提供行业资料，考试资料，教
学课件，学术论文，技术资料，研究报告，工作范文，资格考试，word 文档，
文档下载 免费文档下载
http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
专业文献，应用文书，行业论文等文档搜索与文档下载，是您文档写作和查找
参考资料的必备网站。
文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/
亿万文档资料，等你来发现