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文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 本文档下载自文档下载网,内容可能不完整,您可以点击以下网址继续阅读或下载: http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 希腊字母在数学,科学和工程中的意义(En) Greek letters used in mathematics, science, andengineering From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas wheremathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and alsoconventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, thecapital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities. Those Greek letters which have the same form as Latin letters are usually not used: capital A,B, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, T, X, Y, Z. Small ι (iota), ο (omicron) and υ (upsilon) are alsorarely used, since they closely resemble the Latin letters i, o and u. Sometimes fontvariants of Greek letters are used as distinct symbols in mathematics, in particular forφ (phi) and π (pi). In mathematical finance, the Greeks are the variables denoted by Greek letters used todescribe the risk of certain investments. English-speaking mathehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980maticians use neither the modern nor the historical Greekpronunciations of the names of the letters, but the traditional English pronunciation,e.g. /?θe?t?/ for θ, cf. ancient [t????ta] and modern [?θita]. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Contents 1 Typography 2 Concepts represented by a Greek letter 2.1 Αα (alpha)2.2 Ββ (beta)2.3 Γγ (gamma)2.4 Δδ (delta)2.5 Εε (epsilon)2.6 ?? (digamma)2.7 Ζζ (zeta)2.8 Ηη (eta)2.9 Θθ (theta)2.10 Ιι (iota)2.11 Κκ (kappa)2.12 Λλ (lambda)2.13 Μ? (mu)2.14 Νν (nu)2.15 Ξξ (xi) 2.16 Οο (omicron)2.17 Ππ (pi)2.18 Ρρ (rho)2.19 Σσ (sigma)2.20 Ττ (tau)2.21 Υυ (upsilon)2.22 Φφ (phi)2.23 Χχ (chi)2.24 Ψψ (psi)2.25 Ωω (omega)3 See also4 References Typography The Greek letter forms used in maths are often different from those used in Greek-language text: they are designed to be used Greek alphabet Α α AlphaΝνNuΒβBetaΞξXiΓγGammaΟοOmicronΔδDeltaΠπPiΕεEpsilonΡρRhoΖ ζZetahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980Σσ?SigmaΗηEt aΤτTauΘθThetaΥυUpsilonΙιIotaΦφPhiΚκKappaΧχChiΛλLambdaΨψPsiΜ? Mu Ωω 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Omega History Archaic local variants · · · · · Ligatures (?, ?, ?) · DiacriticsNumerals: (6) · (90) · (900) In other languagesBactrian · Coptic · Albanian Scientific symbols Book · Category · Commons The Greek letter forms used in maths are often different from those used in Greek-language text: they are designed to be usedin isolation, not connected to other letters, and some use variant forms which are not normally used in current Greektypography. 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ The OpenType font format has the feature tag 'mgrk' "Mathematical Greek" to identify a glyph as representing a Greek letterto be used in mathematical (as opposed to Greek language) contexts. The table below shows a comparison of Greek letters renderehttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980d in TeX and HTML. The font used in the TeX rendering is an italicstyle. This is in line with the convention that variables should be italicized. As Greek letters are more often than not used asvariables in mathematical formulas, a Greek letter appearing similar to the TeX rendering is more likely to be encountered inworks involving mathematics. Greek letters NameTeXHTMLAlphaBetaGammaDeltaEpsilon ΑαΒβΓγΔδΕ?ε NameDigammaZetaEtaThetaIota TeXHTML ??ΖζΗηΘθ?Ιι NameTeXHTMLKappaLambdaMuNuXi ΚκΛλΜ?ΝνΞξ NameOmicronPiRhoSigmaTau TeXHTML 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ΟοΠπ?Ρρ?Σσ?Ττ NameTeXHTMLUpsilonPhiChiPsiOmega ΥυΦ?φΧχΨψΩω Concepts represented by a Greek letter Αα (alpha) α represents: the first angle in a triangle, opposite the side A one root of a quadratic equation, where β represents the other thttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980he ratio of collector current to emitter current in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in electronicsthe statistical significance of a resultthe false positive rate in statisticsthe reciprocal of the sacrifice ratiothe fine structure constant in physicsthe angle of attack of an airplanean alpha particle (He2 ) angular acceleration in physics the linear thermal expansion coefficientthe thermal diffusivity the alpha carbon is the first carbon after the carbon that attaches to a functional group in organic chemistrythe α-carbon is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl carbon in amino acidsright ascension in astrometry 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Ββ (beta) Β represents the beta functionβ represents: the second angle in a triangle, opposite the side B one root of a quadratic equation, where α represents the other the ratio of collector current to base current in a bipolar transhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980istor junction (BJT) in electronics (current gain)the false negative rate in statistics the beta coefficient, the non-diversifiable risk, of an asset in mathematical financethe sideslip angle of an airplane the first-order effects of variations in Coriolis force with latitude in planetary dynamicsa beta particle (e-)sound intensity velocity divided by the speed of light in special relativitythe beta brain wave in brain or cognitive sciences ecliptic latitude in astrometry ecliptic latitude in astrometry Γγ (gamma) Γ represents: 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the reflection coefficient of a transmission or telecommunication line.the confinement factor of an optical mode in a waveguidethe gamma function, a generalization of the factorialthe upper incomplete gamma function the modular group, the group of fractional linear transformations the gamma distribution, a continuous probabilhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980ity distribution defined using the gamma functionsecond-order sensitivity to price in mathematical financethe Christoffel symbols of the second kindγ represents: the partial safety factors applied to loads and materials in structural engineeringthe specific weight of substances the lower incomplete gamma function the third angle in a triangle, opposite the side Cthe Euler-Mascheroni constant in mathematicsgamma rays and the photon the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamicsthe Lorentz factor in special relativitythe damping constant (kg/s) Δδ (delta) Δ represents: a finite differencea difference operatora symmetric differencethe Laplace operator the angle that subtends the arc of a circular curve in surveyingthe determinant of an inverse matrix[1] 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the maximum degree of any vertex in a given graph the difference or change in a given http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980e.g. variable, ?v means a difference or change in velocitysensitivity to price in mathematical finance distance to Earth, measured in astronomical unitsheat in a chemical formula the discriminant in the quadratic formula which determines the nature of the roots the degrees of freedom in a non-pooled statistical hypothesis test of two population meansδ represents: a variation in the calculus of variationsthe Kronecker delta function the force of interest in mathematical financethe Dirac delta function the Skorokhod integral in Malliavin calculus, a subfield of stochastic analysisthe minimum degree of any vertex in a given graph a partial charge. δ- represents a negative partial charge, and δ represents a positive partial chargechemistry (See also: Solvation)declination in astrometry the Turner Function in computational material sciencenoncentrality measure in statistihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980cs[2] Εε (epsilon) ε represents: 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ a small positive quantity; see limit a small positive quantity; see limita random error in regression analysis in set theory, the limit ordinal of the sequence in computer science, the empty stringthe Levi-Civita symbol in electromagnetics, dielectric permittivityemissivity strain in continuum mechanicspermittivity the Earth's axial tilt in astrometryelasticity in economics expected value in probability theory and statisticselectromotive force set membership symbol ∈ is based on ε ?? (digamma) ? is sometimes used to represent the digamma function, though the Latin letter F (which is nearly identical) is usuallysubstituted. Ζζ (zeta) ζ represents: the Riemann zeta function and other zeta functions in mathematicsthe coefficient of viscous friction in dynamichttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980sthe polymer damping 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ ratio relative vertical vorticity in fluid dynamics Ηη (eta) η represents: the intrinsic impedance of medium (usually free space)the partial regression coefficient in statisticselasticities in economics the absolute vertical vorticity (relative vertical vorticity Coriolis effect) in fluid dynamicsan index of refractiona type of mesonviscosityefficiency the Minkowski metric tensor in relativitynoise in communication system models Θθ (theta) Θ represents: an asymptotically tight bound related to big O notation.sensitivity to the passage of time in mathematical financeΘ (set theory), a certain ordinal number θ represents: a plane angle in geometry the angle to the x axis in the xy-plane in coordinatespotential temperature in thermodynamics spherical or cylindrical 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the mean time between failure in reliahttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980bility engineeringsoil water contents in soil scienceDebye temperaturetheta functionssometimes also ? ("script theta"), cursive form of theta, often used in handwriting sometimes also ? ("script theta"), cursive form of theta, often used in handwriting the first Chebyshev function in number theory Ιι (iota) ι represents: the index generator function in APL (in the form ?) Κκ (kappa) κ represents: the Von Kármán constantthe kappa curve the condition number of a matrix in numerical analysisthe connectivity of a graph in graph theorycurvature dielectric constant (ε / ε0) thermal conductivity (usually a lowercase Latin k)thermal diffusivity a spring constant (usually a lowercase Latin k) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually γ) Λλ (lambda) Λ represents: the von functionhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 Mangoldt in number theory the set of logical axioms in the axiomatic method of logical deduction in first-order logicthe cosmological constanta type of baryon a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues in linear algebrathe permeance of a material in electromagnetism λ represents: one wavelength of electromagnetic radiationthe decay constant in radioactivity function expressions in the lambda calculusa general eigenvalue in linear algebra the expected number of occurrences in a Poisson distribution in probabilitythe arrival rate in queueing theory the average lifetime or rate parameter in an exponential distribution (commonly used across statistics,physics, and engineering) the failure rate in reliability engineering 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the mean or average value (probability and statistics)the latent heat of fusion the lagrange multiplier in the mathematical optimization method,http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 known as the shadow price in economicsthe Lebesgue measure denotes the volume or measure of a Lebesgue measurable setlongitude in geodesylinear density ecliptic longitude in astrometry the Liouville function in number theorythe Carmichael function in number theory a unit of measure of volume equal to one microlitre (1 ?L) or one cubic millimetre (1 mm?)the empty string in formal grammar Μ? (mu) ? represents: the M?bius function in number theory the ring representation of a representation module the ring representation of a representation module the population mean or expected value in probability and statisticsa measure in measure theory micro-, an SI prefix denoting 10?6 (one millionth)the coefficient of friction in physicsthe service rate in queueing theorythe dynamic viscosity in physics 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ magnetic permeability in electromagnetichttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980sa muon reduced mass chemical potential in condensed matter physics Νν (nu) ν represents: frequency in physics in hertz (Hz)Poisson's ratio in material sciencea neutrino kinematic viscosity of liquids stoichiometric coefficient in chemistrydimension of nullspace in maths Ξξ (xi) Ξ represents: the grand canonical ensemble found in statistical mechanicsa type of baryonξ represents: a random variable. the extent of a chemical reactioncoherence lengththe damping ratiouniversal set Οο (omicron) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Ο represents: big O notation (may be represented by an uppercase Latin O as well) Ππ (pi) Π represents: the product operator in mathematicsa plane π represents: Archimedes' constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameterthe prime-counting function://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 profit in microeconomics and game theory inflation in macroeconomics, expressed as a constant with respect to timethe state distribution of a Markov chain a type of covalent bond in chemistry (pi bond)a pion (pi meson) in particle physics in electronics, a special type of small signal model is referred to as a hybrid-pi model ? (a graphic variant, see pomega) represents: angular frequency of a wave, in fluid dynamics (angular frequency is usually represented by ω but thismay be confused with vorticity in a fluid dynamics context) 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics[3] longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics[3]comoving distance, in cosmology[4] Ρρ (rho) ρ represents: the radius in a polar, cylindrical, or spherical coordinate systemthe correlation coefficient in statistics the sensitivity to interest ihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980n rate mathematical financedensity (mass or charge per unit volume)resistivity the shape and reshape operators in APL (in the form ?)the utilization in queueing theorythe rank of a matrix Σσ (sigma) Σ represents: the summation operatorthe covariance matrix the set of terminal symbols in a formal grammar σ represents: Stefan's constant in blackbody radiationthe divisor function in number theory 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the real part of the complex variable s = σ i t in analytic number theorythe sign of a permutation in the theory of finite groups the population standard deviation or spread in probability and statisticsa type of covalent bond in chemistry (sigma bond)the selection operator in relational algebrastress in mechanicselectrical conductivityarea density nuclear cross sectionuncertainty utilization in operations managementsurface charge density for mihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980croparticles Ττ (tau) τ (lower-case) represents: an interval of timea mean lifetime torque, the rotational force in mechanicsthe elementary tau lepton in particle physicsthe lifetime of a spontaneous emission process the time constant of any device, such as an RC circuitproper time in relativity a correlation coefficient — see Kendall's tau the golden ratio 1.618... (although φ (phi) is more common)Ramanujan's tau function in number theory in astronomy, a measure of opacity, or how much sunlight cannot penetrate the atmospherethe intertwining operator in representation theory 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the tau in biochemistry, a protein associated to microtubulesshear stress in continuum mechanics the number of divisors of highly composite numbers (sequence A000005 in OEIS)the prefix of many stars, via the Bayer stellar designation system an internal system http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980step in transition systems an internal system step in transition systems a type variable in type theories, such as the simply typed lambda calculus τ has been suggested as a circle constant to replace pi and has a value of 6.283..., or 2×π Υυ (upsilon) Υ represents: an elementary particle Φφ (phi) Φ represents: the work function in physics; the energy required by a photon to remove an electron from the surface of ametal 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ magnetic flux the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution in statisticsphenyl functional group the reciprocal of the golden ratio (represented by φ, below), also represented as 1/φnote: a symbol for the empty set, , resembles Φ but is not Φφ represents: the golden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architectureEuler's totient function in number theorya holomorphic map on anhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980 analytic space the argument of a complex number in mathematicsthe value of a plane angle in physics and mathematicsthe angle to the z axis in spherical coordinateslatitude in geodesya scalar fieldradiant fluxelectric potential the probability density function of the normal distribution in statistics a feature of a syntactic node giving that node characteristics such as gender, number and person in syntax Χχ (chi) χ represents: the chi distribution in statistics (χ2 is the more frequently encountered chi-square distribution)the chromatic number of a graph in graph theorythe Euler characteristic in algebraic topologya variable in algebraic equationselectronegativity in the periodic tablethe Rabi frequency 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ the spinor of a fundamental particle the Fourier transform of a linear response function (see susceptibility) a character in mathematics; especiallhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980y a Dirichlet character in number theorythe Sigma vectors in the unscented transform used in the unscented Kalman filtersometimes the mole fraction a characteristic or indicator function in mathematics Ψψ (psi) Ψ represents: water potential a quaternary combinator in combinatory logic ψ represents: the wave function in the Schr?dinger equation of quantum mechanics the stream function in fluid dynamics the stream function in fluid dynamicsyaw angle in vehicle dynamics the angle between the x-axis and the tangent to the curve in the intrinsic coordinates systemthe second Chebyshev function in number theory 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ Ωω (omega) Ω represents: the Omega constant an asymptotic lower bound related to big O notation in probability theory and statistical mechanics, the set of possible distinct system statesthe SI uhttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980nit measure of electric resistance, the ohm the rotation rate of an object, particularly a planet, in dynamicsa solid anglea baryon the arithmetic function counting a number's prime factors the right ascension of the ascending node in celestial mechanicsthe density parameter in cosmology ω represents: the first infinite ordinal the set of natural numbers in set theory (although or N is more common in other areas of mathematics)an asymptotically dominant quantity related to big O notationin probability theory, a possible outcome of an experimentangular velocity / radian frequency a complex cube root of unity — the other is ω? — (used to describe various ways 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ of calculating the discreteFourier transform) vertical velocity in pressure-based coordinate systems (commonly used in atmospheric dynamics)a meson the arithmetic function counting a number's dihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980stinct prime factorsa differential form (esp. on an analytic space)the argument of periapsis in celestial mechanics the symbol ?, a graphic variant of π, is sometimes construed as omega with a bar over it; see π See also Greek alphabet English pronunciation of Greek letters A pronunciation guide (http://skytonight.com/howto/The_Greek_Alphabet.html)Latin with letters audio used in mathematicsMathematical alphanumeric symbolsTable of mathematical symbols Typographical conventions in mathematical formulaeThe Greeks (Greek letters used in mathematical finance) References 1. ^ http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/~igc/tch/eg1006/notes/node119.html 文档下载 免费文档下载 http://www.mianfeiwendang.com/ 2. ^ Applied Linear Statistical Models (5th ed.). Michael H. Kutner, Christopher J. Nachtsheim, John Neter, & William Li. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-310874-X. xxviii 1396 pp. 3. ^ Pomega - from Erihttp://www.mianfeiwendang.com/doc/c867d5c1748ca27a9d537980c Weisstein's World of Physics (http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Pomega.html) 4. ^ Outline for Weeks 14&15, Astronomy 225 Spring 2008 (http://odin.physastro.mnsu.edu/~eskridge/astr225/week14.html) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering&oldid=45400012 9"Categories: Mathematical notationGreek letters This page was last modified on 5 October 2011 at 00:18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. SeeTerms of use for details. 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