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Name __________Date______________Per. _______ Biology: Ecology Review Worksheet Use the word bank to answer 1-16. predation producer symbiosis population parasitism secondary consumer mutualism commensalism niche 90 carrying capacity habitat detrivores denitrification nitrogen gas carbon 10 Term 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Symbiosis Definition Relationship in which one organism is helped and the other organism is not harmed or helped A relationship in which one organism benefits and another organism is harmed 7. Mutualism Relationship in which two organisms live together in close association Some bacteria in the soil change nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas. This process is called____. ______________is converted into fossil fuels such as gas, peat, or coal When an organism dies, it is eventually eaten by __________. (ex. vultures, worms, crabs) Relationship between two species that live together and benefit each other 8. Habitat An area where a particular organism lives (it’s home) 9. Producer Organism that makes its own food is called an autotroph or ________. 10. Predation The act of one organism consuming another organism for food 11. Nitrogen gas __________________is captured from the air by bacteria that live in the soil, water, or on roots of some plants and converted into a form that can be used by plants 4. Denitrification 5. Carbon 6. Detritivores 12. Population 14. Niche Made up of individual organisms of the same species In an energy pyramid, _____ percent of the available energy is use by the organism to build cells and tissues. Some is released as heat. Only _____percent is available to the next level. The role an organism has in its in environment. ( what it is good at) 15. Secondary When a bear eats a plant-eating rodent, the bear is as a __________ consumer. 16. carrying capacity The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term is called _________________. 13. 90 - 10 Define Biological magnification – Define Chemosynthetic bacteria- Define Biogeochemcial cycle- Use the following words to define 1-14. abiotic ammonia omnivore sun food web tertiary biological magnification 1. sun ecosystem food chain nitrogen fixation biotic biosphere heterotroph photosynthesis 3.tertiary The primary energy source on Earth is the __________. During ____________, plants change carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air Quaternary consumers eat_____________ 4. nitrogen fixation Process of capturing and changing nitrogen into a form that plants can use 5. biosphere Portion of earth that supports life 6.biotic 8. heterotrophs All living organisms in an environment When organisms die, decomposers break down some of dead organisms into a nitrogen compound called ________________ Primary consumers are also called 9. food chain The sequence of energy flow between organisms is called _______ 10. ecosystem Made up of the organisms and nonliving things in an area 11. abiotic 12. biological magnification All non living organisms in an environment The accumulation of increasingly large amounts of toxic substances within each successive link of the food chain. A diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem An organism that eats both plants and animals 2. photosynthesis 7.ammonia 13. food web 14 omnivore For each of the following, determine whether the statement describes a biotic or an abiotic factor. A tropical rain forests receive the most amount of rainfall of all biomes B an increase in plants provided herbivores with more food, increasing birth rates B oak trees provide homes to many animals A plains are susceptible to tornadoes and high wind conditions transpiration from forests increases humidity, forming clouds and promotes rainfall polar bears are top predators of the Arctic A B Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation Legumes Use these words to fill in the blanks proteins bacteria decomposers compounds denitrification DNA amino acids nitrogen 78%-80% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen. Organisms need this important element to make proteins, which are used to make DNA(genetic code) and amino acids, which build compounds. But most organisms can’t use nitrogen gas. Certain types of bacteria live in the soil and on roots of plants called legumes (beans) The nitrogen is converted into a form that is usable by plants in a process called nitrogen fixation. When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. Bacteria change the ammonia into nitrates which are usable by plants. Other bacteria may convert it into nitrogen gas and return it to the atmosphere in a process called denitrifixation. Carbon cycle – Use these words to fill in the blanks Natural gas cellular respiration environment photosynthesis carbon fossil fuels All living things contain carbon. It’s also found in the ocean, air, and certain types of rock. Carbon cycles through living organisms and the environment. During cellular respiration, organisms use oxygen to release energy and carbon dioxide. Some carbon remains locked away for millions of years in the form of fossil fuels-(coal, oil, Natural gas) and when burned will release carbon into the air. Plants are able to reduce environmental CO2 levels through the process of photosynthesis. In the diagram, which organism provides nutrients for the largest number of other organisms? a. b. c. d. Bluefish Snapper - B Seal Herring Which level of the food pyramid contains the most biomass? (look in your notes) a. b. c. d. Copepods Algae B Bass Minnows In this food chain, the spiders area. b. c. d. producers primary consumers competitors secondary consumers -D According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore? a. b. c. d. caterpillar mouse ant - C fly larva Read the following symbiotic relationships and label if they are examples of parasitism, mutualism, or commensalim. ___M___________________________- In Africa the crocodile needs a plover bird to clean his teeth. The plover bird gets to eat the food between the crocodile’s teeth, while the crocodile gets cleaner mouth to keep surviving and hunting. ______M________________________- Relationship between a human and pet dog C ______________________________- Humans take milk from a cow C ______________________________- Barnacles create home sites by attaching themselves to whales. M ______________________________- Silverfish live and hunt with army ants. They share the prey. C ______________________________- Remoras attach themselves to a shark’s body. They then travel with the shark and feed on the leftover food scraps from the shark’s meals. P ______________________________- Being bitten by a mosquito The collared peccary is often mistaken for a pig. It has a short pig-like snout and crushing molars. The peccary has a mass of 10–20 kg and a shoulder height of about 50 cm. The collared peccary is omnivorous, eating mostly roots, seeds, fruit, cacti, and occasionally insects and mice. Peccaries travel in herds of 6–30 animals. The natural enemies of the peccary are bobcats and coyotes. Which of these is a food web based on the relationships described above? B Define – primary succession- establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil secondary succession- orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil is intact - after a fire, flood Section: Community Ecology, Population Dynamics Density-dependent factor Densityindependent factor Logistic Growth Limiting Factor Exponential Growth Population Density Carrying Capacity Primary succession Climax community Secondary succession Lava flow fire Immigration Emigration Ecological succession Pioneer Species Term 1. pop density 2. limiting factor 3. ecological succession 4. logistic growth 5.carrying capacity 6. immigration 7. density indep factor 8. pioneer species 9. climax commun 10. density depend factor 11. lava flow Definition Ex. There was an average of 4 American bison per sq.km in Northern Yellowstone in 2000. This is an example of ______? Abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms The process of one community replacing another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors Type of growth when the population’s growth slow or stops at the population’s carrying capacity The maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term. the number of individuals moving into a population any factor in the environment that does not depend on population density. Ex. Oil spill, hurricanes, floods The first organisms to appear –ex. Lichens, moss A stable, mature community in which there is little change in the number of species any factor in the environment that depends on population density. Ex. populations limited by disease, competition, predators Ex. of primary succession 13. fire Populations grow until some limiting factor slow the growth. Gives a graph a “J” shape Ex. of secondary succession 14. primary succession the establishment of a community in an area of bare rock that does not have topsoil 15. emigration the number of individuals moving away from a population The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil remains 12.exponential growth 16. secondary succession Main Idea: Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. Write a description of each level of organization in the table. Also, provide an example for each level. Level 1. Organism Description Example 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biosphere Fill in the diagram below with the Levels of Organization studied in Ecology. Use the terms from the table above. Main Idea: An ecosystem includes both abiotic and biotic factors. Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Complete the following sentences with the correct term from the list below autotrophs eating nonliving abiotic living temperature producers moisture plants animals biotic consumers heterotrophs nonliving 6. All ecosystems are made up of living and nonliving components. 7. Biotic factors are living things, such as plants or animals. 8. Abiotic factors are nonliving things, such as wind, temperature, or moisture. 9. _autotrophs are organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food. These organisms are also called producers. 10. heterotrophs are organisms that get their energy by eating / consuming other organisms. These organisms are also called consumers. 11. Why are producers so important to an ecosystem? They provide a conversion of the sun’s energy to a source of food for heterotrophs, they are the beginning of food webs KEY CONCEPT: Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description. carnivore herbivore secondary consumer decomposer detritivore omnivore primary consumer tertiary consumer trophic levels 12. I eat only plants. I am a(n) ___________________________. heribovre 13. I eat only other animals. I am a(n) _______________________. carnivore 14. I eat both plants and animals. I am a(n) _____________________. omnivore 15. I eat dead organic matter. I am a(n) _______________________. detritivore 16. I break down organic matter into simpler compounds. I am a(n) ______________________. decomposer 17. I am the first consumer above the producer level. I am a(n) ____________________. Primary consumer 18. I am a carnivore that eats herbivores. I am a(n) __________________________. Secondary consumer 19. I am a carnivore that eats other carnivores. I am a(n) __________________________ . tertiary consumer 20. The levels of nourishment in a food chain are called _______________________. Trophic levels 21. How is a food web different from a food chain? Food web shows all of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem, a food chain is a single flow of energy 22. Label the four tiers of the energy pyramid with the correct trophic level (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers).