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and and Glands, Glands, Hormones Hormones Diabetes Diabetes Glands, Hormones growth development. and development. ThyroxinThyroxin deficiency deficauses ciency causes the gland thetogland swell,to swell, The human The human body isbody an extremely is an extremely complex complex group group of organs of organsgrowth and Cells r PancreasPancreas in a goitre. in a goitre. and tissues, and tissues, far more far complex more complex than the thanmost the advanced most advancedresultingresulting secretes secretes more more glucos Sugar Sugar blood insulin and insulin and aircraft.aircraft. However However just like just anlike aircraft, an aircraft, all the all systems the systems must mustMyxoedema chan Myxoedema is a thyroid-defi is a thyroid-defi ciency disease ciency disease that canthat develop can develop in adultin adult level riseslevel rises less glucagon less glucagon to gly life, frequently most frequently in middle-aged in middle-aged women.women. The symptoms The symptoms include include loss loss work inwork harmony in harmony if we are if we to survive are to survive – the systems – the systems must be must co- be co-life, most Normal Normal of energy of energy and appetite, and appetite, weight weight gain, inability gain, inability to keeptowarm, keep mental warm, mental blood glucose blood glucose ordinated ordinated and controlled. and controlled. This is This achieved is achieved by the interaction by the interaction of of dullness, and dry,and puffy dry, skin. puffy Its skin. effects Itsand can effects be reversed can be reversed by administering by administering level growth development. Thyroxin deficiency level causes thePancreas glandPancreas to swell, Cells c The human issystem an extremely complex group ofdullness, organs two systems: two systems: the nervous the body nervous system and theand endocrine the endocrine system.system. glyco thyroxine. thyroxine. Iodine defi Iodine ciency deficiency can also canlead alsotolead hypothyroidism. to hypothyroidism. Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes less less resulting in a goitre. gluc and tissues, complex than the most advanced The nervous The nervous system system makesfar makes verymore rapid verymeasurements, rapid measurements, changes changes thyroxine thyroxine deficiency defiin ciency children—cretinism—can in children—cretinism—can lead to lead dwarfi tosm dwarfi andsm and level drops insulin and level drops insulin and and r more glucagon more glucagon neurological neurological impairment. impairment. into and adjustments. and adjustments. The endocrine The endocrine system, system, which which consists consists of of aircraft. However just like an aircraft, all the systems must Myxoedema is a thyroid-deficiency disease that can develop in adult all hormone-secreting all hormone-secreting glandsglands the body, in the usually body, usually acts more moreThe adrenal Thebe adrenal glands, glands,onfound top the top kidneys, offrequently the kidneys, producein produce upmiddle-aged to 50up different to 50 different life,ofon most women. The symptoms include loss Fig.4 Contr Fig. work in harmony ifinwe are to survive – theacts systems must co-found hormones. Two of Two the more of the more important ones hydrocortisone are hydrocortisone whichgain, whichinability to keep warm, mental slowly slowly but with butlonger with longer lasting lasting effects.effects. In this In lesson this lesson we willwe willhormones. ofimportant energy andareones appetite, weight ordinated and controlled. This is achieved by the interaction of controls controls blood pressure, blood pressure, and adrenalin, and adrenalin, the “fi ght the or “fi fl ight” ght or hormone. fl ight” hormone. It is It is glycogen) glycogen) the level the of glucose level of glucose in our blood in our nee blo look atlook some athormones some hormones that arethat present are present in our bodies, in our bodies, and theand the dullness, and puffy skin. Its effects can be reversed by administering this hormone this hormone that causes that causes “butterfl “butterfl ies in the iestummy” indry, the tummy” as blood asisblood diverted is diverted is accomplished is accomplished by the hormone by the hormone insulin. insulin two systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system. effect on effect the on body theofbody hormone of hormone defi ciency. deficiency. away from away thefrom intestines the intestines to thethyroxine. limbs. to the limbs.Iodine deficiency can also lead to hypothyroidism. Such If thereIf isthere an excess is an excess of glucose glucose in the b in The nervous system makes very rapid measurements, changes thyroxine defiinciency intestes children—cretinism—can lead to dwarfi smof and The term The gonads term gonads refers torefers the ovaries to the ovaries in females females and the and theintestes males. in males.hyperglycaemia—long hyperglycaemia—long term problems term problems with y neurological impairment. Theconsists testes The produce testes testosterone, testosterone, which iswhich responsible is responsible for secondary for secondarykidneyskidneys and adjustments. The endocrine system, which of produce may occur. may Aoccur. common A common side effect sideofeft Hypothalamus Hypothalamus sexual characteristics sexual characteristics – facial hair, – facial increased hair, increased muscle,muscle, broad shoulders broad shoulders and anddiabetesdiabetes is hypoglycaemia, is hypoglycaemia, low glucose low glucose levels i all hormone-secreting glands in the body, usually acts more The adrenal glands, found on top of the kidneys, produce up to 50 different development development of the sex of organs. the sex organs. by symptoms by symptoms including including lack of lack concentra of co Pineal gland Pineal gland hormones. Two of the more important ones are hydrocortisone which intoxication, intoxication, palpitations palpitations and dizziness. and dizziness slowly but with longer lasting effects. Pituitary gland Pituitary glandIn this lesson we will In females In females the ovaries the ovaries produceproduce oestrogen oestrogen (produced (produced by the by Graafi theanGraafian controls the “fight or flight” hormone. It is Thyroid gland Thyroid gland in our bodies, follicle) follicle) and progesterone and progesterone (produced (produced byblood the corpus bypressure, the luteum). corpus and luteum). Bothadrenalin, these Both these look at some hormones that are present and the There are There twoare main two types mainof types diabetes: of diabete thisthehormone thatand causes hormones hormones are responsible are responsible for for development the development maturing and“butterfl maturing of theies of in thethe tummy” as blood is diverted Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes – This occurs – This when occurs the when bodythe is effect on the body of hormone deficiency. endometrium endometrium (the inner (the layer inner of the layer uterus). of the the uterus). away from intestines to the limbs. Fig.1 Location Fig.1 Location of the major of the endocrine major endocrine glands glands Fig.1 Location of the major endocrine glands Pancreas Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) (Islets of Langerhans) Pineal gland Ovary (female) Ovary (female) its own insulin. its own Onset insulin.generally Onset generally occurs at occurs a you is primarily treated primarily with insulin withinjections. insulin injection Insuli AnotherAnother major gland major ingland the endocrine in the endocrine system is system the pancreas is the pancreas which plays which a plays ais treated The term gonads refers to the ovaries in females and the testes in males. injected be injected or inhaled or inhaled becausebecause it is a prote it i dual roledual as both role an as both endocrine an endocrine and an exocrine and an exocrine gland. As gland. an exocrine As an exocrine gland glandmust bemust The produce testosterone, is responsible for secondary destroyed by digestive by digestive enzymes. enzymes. Healthy Health eating it produces it produces digestivedigestive enzymes enzymes suchtestes assuch amylase, as amylase, lipase and lipase trypsin and which trypsinwhich whichdestroyed helpmuscle, to control help tobroad Type control 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes. are released are released via the pancreatic via the pancreatic duct into duct the into duodenum. the duodenum. Hypothalamus sexual characteristics – facial hair, increased shoulders and development of sex Type 2 diabetes – This accounts – This accounts for 90%for of 90 all The Islets TheofIslets Langerhans of Langerhans constitute constitute the endocrine thethe endocrine part organs. of part the gland, of the gland,Type 2 diabetes Ireland. Ireland. Onset ofOnset Type of 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes typicallytypic occ producing producing several hormones, several hormones, of whichofthe which two most the two important most important are: are: Pituitary gland In females the ovaries produce oestrogen (produced by the Graafi an There genetic are genetic factors that factors confer thatan confer increa an • Glucagon • Glucagon which encourages which encourages the conversion the conversion of glycogen of glycogen to glucose. to glucose. It ItThere are Thyroid gland thereby thereby diabetes. type of luteum). diabetes. Other factors Other factors being o and (produced by type the of corpus Bothinclude theseinclude raises the raises glucose the follicle) glucose level in the level blood, inprogesterone thepreventing blood, preventing it from falling it from falling Testes (male) Testes (male) and excess and consumption excess consumption of sugary sugary foo hormones are for the development and maturing ofof and thefattyand too low. too Glucagon low. Glucagon is secreted is secreted by alphaby cells. alpharesponsible cells. Adrenal gland Adrenal gland endometrium (the inner the There two are main two ways main in ways whichinType which 2 diab Typ Insulin • which Insulinlowers which blood lowers sugar bloodlevels sugarinlevels the blood. in the Itlayer blood. does of Itthis does byuterus). this byThere are body notdoes make not enough make enough insulin, or insulin, the insu or boostingboosting the uptake the of uptake glucose of glucose by cells,by and cells, facilitates and facilitates its conversion its conversionbody does A hormone A hormone is a biochemical is a biochemical productproduct that acts thatasacts a messenger. as a messenger. Another gland in the system the pancreas which plays workisproperly. work properly. Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes can beatreated can be to glycogen to glycogen and fat. and Insulin fat. isInsulin secreted ismajor secreted by beta by cells. beta Glucose cells.endocrine Glucose is storedis stored Hormones Hormones are produced are produced in smallinquantities small quantities by the endocrine by the endocrine glands. glands. exercise and, As as and, itan is exocrine aasprogressive it is a progressive disease,dis ta as glycogen as glycogen as it is non-osmotic as it is non-osmotic and as therefore and therefore prevents prevents the cellsand the from cells fromexercise dual role both an endocrine an exocrine gland. gland An endocrine An endocrine gland isgland a ductless is a ductless gland that gland releases that releases a hormone a hormone directly directly may be may required be required at a lateratstage. a later There stage.isThere an u filling with filling water with bywater osmosis byitosmosis and bursting. and bursting. produces digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase and trypsin which into theinto blood the stream blood stream in whichin itwhich travelsit around travels around the body thetobody exerttoa exert a Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes amongstamongst young people youngin people Irelan Each of Each theseof hormones these hormones inhibits inhibits other’s therelease other’s by release the pancreas. by the pancreas. arethe released via the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. specific specifi effect cateffect a particular at a particular target site. target Hormones site. Hormones are generally are generally classed classed of diabetes of diabetes in the young in the(MODY) young (MODY) is a result is a ofre u as peptides as peptides such assuch insulin asand insulin ADH and [anti-diuretic ADH [anti-diuretic hormone] hormone] or steroids or steroids exercise.exercise. DiabetesDiabetes can be detected can be detected by testing by t What What is diabetes? is diabetes? Pancreas Adrenal gland The Islets of Langerhans constitute the endocrine part of the gland, such as such testosterone as testosterone or progesterone. or progesterone. in the blood. in the blood. (Islets of Langerhans) WhatWhat is a hormone? is a hormone? • WhatWhat are the arefunctions the functions of each of each of theofglands? the glands? producing several hormones, of which the two most important are: CapillariesCapillaries into which into which How doHow medications do medications for diabetes for diabetes work? w are released are released • Glucagon hormones which hormones encourages the conversion of glycogen to glucose. It The main The function main function of medication of medication for diabetes for diab is t Ovary (female) The pituitary The pituitary gland, also gland, known also as known the master as the gland, master controls gland, controls all the all the thereby raises the glucose level in the blood, preventing it from falling by the body. by the Inbody. Type 2Indiabetes Type 2 diabetes oral medication oral med other glands. other glands. It has two It has lobes; two the lobes; anterior the anterior lobe which lobereleases which releases ADH Testes ADH (male) too low. Glucagon iscells secreted by alphatherapy cells. therapy is required. is required. Oral medications Oral medications can be uc and prevents and prevents excess urine excess formation, urine formation, Beta cells Beta (secrete insulin) (secrete insulin) to release to release insulin, insulin, increaseincrease the body’s the sensitiv body’s and oxytocin and oxytocin which controls which controls birth birth • Insulin which lowers blood sugar levels in the blood. It does this by breakdown breakdown and absorption and absorption of starches of starches and suga a contractions. contractions. The posterior The posterior lobe lobe boosting the uptake of glucose by cells, and facilitates its conversion can latercan be later usedbe in conjunction used in conjunction with insulin withthe ins releasesreleases a variety a variety of hormones of hormones A hormone is a biochemical product that acts as a messenger. to glycogen and fat. Insulin is secretedThere by beta cells. Glucose is stored Alpha cellsAlpha cells including including FSH (Follicle FSH (Follicle Stimulating Stimulating are There two main are two types main oftypes insulinoftherapy; insulin ther one (secrete glucagon) (secrete glucagon) Hormones are produced in small quantities by the endocrine glands. Hormone), Hormone), LH (Luteinising LH (Luteinising Hormone), Hormone), as glycogen as it is non-osmotic and therefore prevents the cells from of insulin, ofwhich insulin, iswhich designed is designed to imitate tothe imitate natura th prolactinprolactin (released (released when female when female is a ductless is An endocrine gland is gland that releases a hormone directly that provides that provides stable levels stable oflevels insulin. of These insulin.basa The filling with water by osmosis and bursting. suckledsuckled during lactation) during lactation) and growth and growth Fig.3 Islets Fig.3 of Islets Langerhans of Langerhans and areand intended are intended to suppress to suppress glucoseglucose produc into the blood stream in which it travels around the body to exert a hormones. hormones. It also Itproduces also produces other other Each of these hormones inhibits the other’s release theofpancreas. other type other ofby type insulin therapy—bolus insulin therapy—bolus injections in specifi cthat effect a the particular classed DiabetesDiabetes mellitus mellitus occurs when occurs there when is there too much is toosugar muchinsugar the body. in theWhen body. When hormones hormones that control control theatadrenal adrenal target site. Hormones are generally and is intended and is intended to be taken to be just taken before justabefore meal oa asglands. peptides such as insulin and ADH [anti-diuretic hormone] we eat or foods westeroids eatrich foods in starch rich in(such starchas(such bread, asrice bread, or potatoes), rice or potatoes), the starch theisstarch is and thyroid and thyroid glands. broken down brokenbydown the digestive by the digestive system into system glucose. into glucose. GlucoseGlucose is also found is also foundThere are There many are types many oftypes insulinofon insulin the market. on the m Th such asistestosterone The thyroid The gland thyroid gland located is located on theoronprogesterone. the in sugary in foods. sugaryThe foods. glucose The glucose then travels thenintravels the blood in thestream blood and stream is used and is usedproduction production has progressed has progressed a lot in recent a lot inyears recen front of front the trachea of the trachea in the neck in thejust neck just as an source energy for source cell functions for cell functions or is stored or isinstored the liver in the as glycogen. liver as glycogen.(e.g. Lantus) Capillaries into are which (e.g. are Lantus) produced produced by recombinant by recombina DNA Fig.2 Goitre, Fig.2 due Goitre, to underactive due to underactive as an energy below the below Adam’s the Adam’s apple. Itapple. releases It releases thyroid thyroid released As glucose As glucose is produced is produced naturallynaturally by the liver by the (from liverthe (from breakdown the breakdown of this of thisstrainshormones of strains bacteria. ofare bacteria. the hormone the hormone thyroxinethyroxine which controls which controls What is a hormone? What is diabetes? What are the functions of each of the glands? The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, controls all the other glands. It has two lobes; the anterior lobe which releases ADH and prevents excess urine formation, and oxytocin which controls birth contractions. The posterior lobe releases a variety of hormones including FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinising Hormone), prolactin (released when female is suckled during lactation) and growth hormones. It also produces other hormones that control the adrenal and thyroid glands. The thyroid gland is located on the front of the trachea in the neck just below the Adam’s apple. It releases the hormone thyroxine which controls Fig.2 Goitre, due to underactive thyroid Beta cells (secrete insulin) Alpha cells (secrete glucagon) Fig.3 Islets of Langerhans Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is too much sugar in the body. When we eat foods rich in starch (such as bread, rice or potatoes), the starch is broken down by the digestive system into glucose. Glucose is also found in sugary foods. The glucose then travels in the blood stream and is used as an energy source for cell functions or is stored in the liver as glycogen. As glucose is produced naturally by the liver (from the breakdown of this and and ��� ���������������������� ������� �������������� Diabetes �� es and Glands, Glands, Hormones Hormones Diabetes Diabetes growth development. and development. ThyroxinThyroxin deficiency deficauses ciency causes the gland thetogland swell,to swell, The human The human body isbody an extremely is an extremely complex complex group group of organs of organsgrowth and Cells r PancreasPancreas in a goitre. in a goitre. and tissues, and tissues, far more far complex more complex than the thanmost the advanced most advancedresultingresulting secretes secretes more more glucos Sugar Sugar blood insulin and insulin and aircraft.aircraft. However However just like just anlike aircraft, an aircraft, all the all systems the systems must mustMyxoedema chan Myxoedema is a thyroid-defi is a thyroid-defi ciency disease ciency disease that canthat develop can develop in adultin adult level riseslevel rises less glucagon less glucagon to gly life, frequently most frequently in middle-aged in middle-aged women.women. The symptoms The symptoms include include loss loss work inwork harmony in harmony if we are if we to survive are to survive – the systems – the systems must be must co- be co-life, most Normal Normal of energy of energy and appetite, and appetite, weight weight gain, inability gain, inability to keeptowarm, keep mental warm, mental blood glucose blood glucose ordinated ordinated and controlled. and controlled. This is This achieved is achieved by the interaction by the interaction of of dullness,dullness, and dry,and puffy dry, skin. puffy Its skin. effects Its can effects be reversed can be reversed by administering by administering level level Cells c PancreasPancreas Cells remove two systems: two systems: the nervous the nervous system system and theand endocrine the endocrine system. system.thyroxine. glyco Pancreas thyroxine. Iodine defi Iodine ciency deficiency can also canlead alsotolead hypothyroidism. to hypothyroidism. Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes less less glucose from gluc more The nervous The nervous systemsystem makessecretes makes very rapid very measurements, rapid measurements, changes changesthyroxinethyroxine deficiency defiin ciency children—cretinism—can in children—cretinism—can lead to lead dwarfi tosm dwarfi andsm and level drops insulin and level drops insulin and and r Sugar Sugar blood and more glucagon more glucagon insulin and neurological neurological impairment. impairment. into and adjustments. and adjustments. The endocrine The endocrine system, system, which which consists consists of of level rises change it level drops less glucagon to glycogen all hormone-secreting all hormone-secreting glandsglands in the body, in the usually body, usually acts more acts moreTheNormal adrenal The adrenal glands, found glands,onfound top ofon the top kidneys, of the kidneys, produceproduce up to 50up different to 50 different Fig.4 Contr Fig. Normal hormones. hormones. Two of Two the more of theimportant more important ones are ones hydrocortisone are hydrocortisone which which slowly slowly but with butlonger with longer lasting lasting effects.effects. In this In lesson this lesson we willwe willblood glucose blood glucose controls controls blood pressure, blood pressure, and adrenalin, and adrenalin, the “fi ght the or “fi fl ight” ght or hormone. fl ight” hormone. It is It is glycogen) glycogen) the level the of glucose level of glucose in our blood in our nee blo level look atlook some athormones some hormones that arethat present are present in our bodies, in our bodies, and theand the level Cells convert this hormone this hormone that causes that causes “butterfl“butterfl ies in the iestummy” in the tummy” as bloodasisblood diverted is divertedis accomplished is accomplished by the hormone by the hormone insulin. insulin Pancreas effect on effect the on body theofbody hormone of hormone deficiency. deficiency. glycogen to away from away thefrom intestines the intestines to the limbs. to the limbs. secretes less insulin and more glucagon Sugar If thereIf isthere an excess is an excess of glucose of glucose in the b in level rises The term The gonads term gonads refers torefers the ovaries to the ovaries in females in females and the and testes theNo.1 intestes males. in males.hyperglycaemia—long hyperglycaemia—long term problems term problems with y Sanofi -aventis is Europe’s pharmaceutical company and No.3 The testes The produce testes produce testosterone, testosterone, which iswhich responsible is responsible for secondary for secondarykidneyskidneys may occur. may Aoccur. common A common side effect sideofeft in the world and is a major player across seven therapeutic areas: Hypothalamus Hypothalamus sexual characteristics sexual characteristics – facial hair, – facial increased hair, increased muscle,muscle, broad shoulders broad shoulders and anddiabetesdiabetes is hypoglycaemia, is hypoglycaemia, low glucose low glucose levels i of the sex of organs. the sex organs. by atrial symptoms byfibrillation, symptoms including including lack of lack concentra of co Fig.4 Control of Blood development Sugar development Levels Cardiovascular (e.g. arterial hypertension, Pineal gland Pineal gland intoxication, intoxication, palpitations palpitations and dizziness. and dizziness Pituitary gland Pituitary gland In females In females the ovaries the ovaries produce produce oestrogen oestrogen (produced (produced by the heart by Graafi thean Graafian peripheral arterial disease, failure, venous and arterial glycogen) the level of glucose in our gland blood needs to be regulated and this Thyroid Thyroid gland follicle) follicle) and progesterone and progesterone (produced (produced by the corpus by the luteum). corpus luteum). Both these Both these thrombosis, angina) There are There twoare main two types mainof types diabetes: of diabete hormones hormones are responsible are responsible for the for development the development and maturing and maturing of the of the is accomplished by the hormone insulin. Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes – This occurs – This when occurs the when bodythe is (e.g. venous and arterial thrombosis) endometrium endometrium (the inner (the layer inner ofThrombosis the layer uterus). of the uterus). its own insulin. its own Onset insulin.generally Onset generally occurs at occurs a you If there is an excess of glucose in the blood—a condition called is primarily treated primarily with insulin withinjections. insulin injection Insuli Metabolic disorders (e.g. 1a and 2 diabetes, AnotherAnother major gland major ingland the endocrine in the endocrine system is system the pancreas is the pancreas whichType plays which playsType ais treated hyperglycaemia—long term problems with your eyes,dual feet, heart or both injected be injected or inhaled or inhaled becausebecause it is a prote it i roledual as both role an as endocrine an endocrine and an exocrine and an exocrine gland.Risk As gland. anFactors) exocrine As an exocrine gland glandmust bemust Cardiometabolic destroyed by digestive by digestive enzymes. enzymes. Healthy Health eating kidneys may occur. A common side effect of treatments associated with digestive it produces it produces digestive enzymes enzymes such assuch amylase, as amylase, lipase and lipase trypsin and which trypsin whichdestroyed Oncology (e.g. non-small lung, to control help tocell Type control 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes. arecharacterised released are released via the pancreatic via the pancreatic duct intoduct the into duodenum. thecolorectal, duodenum. breast cancer,help diabetes is hypoglycaemia, low glucose levels in the blood, Sugar level Fig.1 Location Fig.1 drops Location of the major of the endocrine major endocrine glands glands glucose and release into blood prostate, Head andpart Neck and gastric Cancers) Type 2 diabetes lack of Adrenal concentration, apparent gland Adrenal gland sweating, – This accounts – This accounts for 90%for of 90 all The Islets The ofIslets Langerhans of Langerhans constitute constitute the endocrine the endocrine of part the gland, of the gland,Type 2 diabetes Ireland. Onset ofOnset Type of 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes typicallytypic occ producing producing several hormones, several hormones, ofCentral whichofthe which two most the two important most important are: nervous system (e.g. are: insomnia,Ireland. multiple sclerosis, intoxication, palpitations and dizziness. There genetic are genetic factors that factors confer thatan confer increa an • Glucagon • Glucagon which encourages which encourages the conversion the conversion of glycogen of glycogen to glucose. to glucose. It ItThere are epilepsy) Ovary (female) Ovary (female) type of diabetes. Other factors Other include factors include being o thereby thereby raises the raises glucose the glucose level in the levelblood, in thepreventing blood, preventing it from falling it from fallingtype of diabetes. There are two main types of diabetes: Testes (male) Testes (male) andparasitic excess and consumption excess consumption of sugary of and sugary fattyand foo medicine infections, too low. too Glucagon low. Glucagon is secreted isInternal secreted by alphaby cells. alpha cells.(e.g. bacterial, viral and Type 1 diabetes – This occurs when the body is unable to produce any of allergy and benign prostate disease) are There two are main two ways main in ways whichinType which 2 diab Typ • Insulin • which Insulinlowers which blood lowersosteoporosis, sugar bloodlevels sugarinlevels the blood. in the Itblood. does Itthis does by this byThere insulin. Onset generally occurs at a young age and quite rapidly. It the of Whatits What isown a hormone? is a hormone? body does body notdoes make not enough make enough insulin, or insulin, the insu or boostingboosting the uptake uptake glucose of glucose by cells,by and cells, facilitates and facilitates itsuenza, conversion its conversion Vaccines (e.g. travel, infl meningitis and poliomyelitis is primarily with insulin cannot be taken orally; it fat. and A hormone A treated hormone is a biochemical is a biochemical product product thatinjections. acts thatasacts a Insulin messenger. as a messenger. work properly. Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes can be treated can be to glycogen to glycogen and Insulin fat.isInsulin secreted is secreted by beta by cells. beta Glucose cells. Glucose is storedis storedwork properly. vaccines) Hormones Hormones arebe produced are produced in small inquantities small because quantities by the endocrine endocrine glands. glands. and, as and, it is aasprogressive it is a progressive disease,dis ta glycogen as glycogen as it is non-osmotic as it is non-osmotic and therefore and therefore preventsprevents the cellsthe from cells fromexerciseexercise must injected or inhaled itbyisthe a protein and wouldas therefore be An endocrine An endocrine gland isgland a ductless is a ductless gland that gland releases that releases a hormone a hormone directly directly may be may required be required at a later atstage. a100 later There stage.isThere an u filling with filling water with bywater osmosis by osmosis andnearly bursting. and bursting. Of 100,000 staff within sanofi-aventis worldwide, in destroyed by digestive enzymes. Healthy eating and regular exercise also into theinto blood the stream blood stream in whichin itwhich travelsit around travels around the body thetobody exerttoa exert a 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes amongst young people youngin people Irelan Each of Each theseof hormones these hormones inhibitscountries the inhibits other’s theand release other’s by release the pancreas. byover the pancreas. 300 sites, 17,600 work Type in research &amongst development control 1 site. diabetes. specific help specifi effectto cateffect a particular at a Type particular target target Hormones site. Hormones are generally are generally classed classed of diabetes of diabetes in the young in the(MODY) young (MODY) is a result is a ofre u (R&D), developing new effective and well-tolerated medicines. In as peptides as peptides such assuch insulin asand insulin ADH and [anti-diuretic ADH [anti-diuretic hormone] hormone] or steroids or steroids exercise.exercise. DiabetesDiabetes can be detected can be detected by testing by t What What is diabetes? is diabetes? Type 2 diabetes – This accounts for 90% of all incidences of diabetes in such as such testosterone as testosterone or progesterone. or progesterone. fact, sanofi-aventis has one of the most innovative healthiest R&D in the blood. inand the blood. Ireland. Onset of Type 2 diabetes typically occurs slowly and in later life. portfolios with 127 Capillaries compounds Capillaries into which into whichand vaccines under development— WhatThere What are the are functions the functions of each of each of the of glands? the glands? doHow medications do medications for diabetes for diabetes work? w hormones hormones are released released are genetic factors that confer an increased risk of contracting this 56 of which are already inare very advancedHow phases. The main The function main function of medication of medication for diabetes for diab is t The pituitary The pituitary gland, also gland, known also as known the master as the gland, master controls gland, controls all the all thelack of exercise type of diabetes. Other factors include being overweight, by the body. by better the Inbody. Typehealthcare 2Indiabetes Type 2 diabetes oral medication oral med other glands. other excess glands. It has two It has lobes; two the lobes; anterior anterior lobe which lobefatty releases which releases ADH ADH The sanofi-aventis commitment to bringing and consumption ofthe sugary and foods. therapy therapy is required. is required. Oral medications Oral medications can be uc and prevents and prevents excess urine excess formation, urine formation, cells Beta cells solutions to Beta populations around the globe is release also insulin, guaranteed (secrete insulin) (secrete insulin) to release to insulin, increase increase the body’s the sensitiv body’s and oxytocin and oxytocin which controls which controls birth There are two main ways birth in which Type 2 diabetes can occur; either the through extensive programmes in humanitarian aid and solidarity breakdown breakdown and absorption and absorption of starches of starches and suga a contractions. contractions. The posterior The posterior lobe lobe body does not make enough insulin, or the insulin it does make, does not latercan be later used be in conjunction used in conjunction with insulin withthe ins agencies. As well as tiered pricing for can different socio-economic releasesreleases a variety a variety of hormones of hormones work Type 2Stimulating diabetes can be treated with a combination of diet, Alpha cellsof action plans are in place, particularly including including FSHproperly. (Follicle FSH (Follicle Stimulating environmentsAlpha a cells number There are There two main are two types main oftypes insulinoftherapy; insulin ther one (secrete glucagon) (secrete glucagon) Hormone), Hormone), LH (Luteinising LH (Luteinising Hormone), exercise and, as it isHormone), a progressive disease, tablets or insulin injections of insulin, ofwhich insulin, iswhich designed is designed to imitate tothe imitate natura th in the southern hemisphere, to combat illnesses such as sleeping prolactinmay prolactin (released when female when female is is be (released required at a later stage. There is an unusually high incidence of that provides that provides stable levels stable oflevels insulin. of These insulin.basa The sickness, leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, epilepsy and malaria. suckledsuckled during lactation) during lactation) and growth and growth Fig.3 Islets Fig.3ofIslets Langerhans of Langerhans and areand intended are intended to suppress to suppress glucoseglucose produc Type 2 diabetes amongst young people in Ireland today. This mature onset hormones. hormones. It also Itproduces also produces other other other type other of type insulin of therapy—bolus insulin therapy—bolus injections in of diabetes the adrenal young (MODY) is a result of unbalanced Diabetes diet and lack of Diabetes mellitus mellitus occurs when occurs there when ismore there too much is too sugar muchinsugar the body. in on theWhen body. When hormones hormones that control thatin control the the adrenal For information sanofi -aventis in Ireland and and is intended and is intended to be taken to be just taken before justabefore meal oa we eat in foods weurine eatrich foods in starch rich in(such starchas(such bread, asrice bread, or potatoes), rice or potatoes), the starch theisstarch is and thyroid andglands. thyroid glands. exercise. Diabetes can be detected by testing the sugar levels or globally, visit www.sanofi www.sta.ie broken down brokenbydown the digestive by the digestive system into system glucose. into glucose. GlucoseGlucose is also found is-aventis.ie also foundThereor are There many are types many oftypes insulinofon insulin the market. on the m Th in blood. The thyroid Thethe gland thyroid isgland located is located on the on the Pancreas including byPancreas symptoms (Islets of Langerhans) (Islets of Langerhans) in sugary in foods. sugaryThe foods. glucose The glucose then travels thenintravels the blood in thestream blood and stream is used and is usedproduction production has progressed has progressed a lot in recent a lot inyears recen front of front the trachea of the trachea in the neck in thejust neck just as an source energy for source cell functions for cell functions or is stored or isinstored the liver in the as glycogen. liver as glycogen.(e.g. Lantus) (e.g. are Lantus) produced are produced by recombinant by recombina DNA Fig.2 Goitre, Fig.2 due Goitre, to underactive due to underactive as an energy below the below Adam’s the apple. Itapple. releases It releases How do Adam’s medications for diabetes work? thyroid thyroid As glucose As glucose is produced is produced naturallynaturally by the liver by the (from liverthe (from breakdown the breakdown of this of thisstrains of strains bacteria. of bacteria. the hormone the hormone thyroxinethyroxine which controls which controls The main function of medication for diabetes is to improve the use of insulin by the body. In Type 2 diabetes oral medication can be used before insulin therapy is required. Oral medications can be used to stimulate beta cells to release insulin, increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin and slow the breakdown and absorption of starches and sugars. These oral medications can later be used in conjunction with insulin therapy. There are two main types of insulin therapy; one is a slow steady secretion of insulin, which is designed to imitate the natural secretion by the pancreas that provides stable levels of insulin. These basal injections are long lasting and are intended to suppress glucose production between meals. The other type of insulin therapy—bolus injections—has a more rapid effect and is intended to be taken just before a meal or a snack. There are many types of insulin on the market. The types of insulin and their production has progressed a lot in recent years and more modern insulins (e.g. Lantus) are produced by recombinant DNA technology using different strains of bacteria. The discovery of insulin and of its role in controlling sugar levels: In the 1920’s two Canadian physiologists Charles Best and Frederick Banting removed the pancreas from dogs giving them instant diabetes. They then extracted substances from pancreas of other dogs and injected them into the dogs without a pancreas. They eventually found an extract that worked. In 1922 insulin was being produced commercially and used to treat human diabetics transforming their lives dramatically. In fact, it was a legacy company of sanofi aventis that introduced the first commercial insulin, Insulin Hoechst. Since then insulin therapy has advanced rapidly and sanofi aventis has been involved in every stage of the development including the use of genetic engineering methods; these methods remove the risk of disease transmission. and and Glands, Glands, Hormones Hormones Diabetes Diabetes Glands, Hormones growth development. and development. ThyroxinThyroxin deficiency deficauses ciency causes the gland thetogland swell,to swell, The human The human body isbody an extremely is an extremely complex complex group group of organs of organsgrowth and Cells r PancreasPancreas in a goitre. in a goitre. and tissues, and tissues, far more far complex more complex than the thanmost the advanced most advancedresultingresulting secretes secretes more more glucos Sugar Sugar blood insulin and insulin and aircraft.aircraft. However However just like just anlike aircraft, an aircraft, all the all systems the systems must mustMyxoedema chan Myxoedema is a thyroid-defi is a thyroid-defi ciency disease ciency disease that canthat develop can develop in adultin adult level riseslevel rises less glucagon less glucagon to gly life, frequently most frequently in middle-aged in middle-aged women.women. The symptoms The symptoms include include loss loss work inwork harmony in harmony if we are if we to survive are to survive – the systems – the systems must be must co- be co-life, most Normal Normal of energy of energy and appetite, and appetite, weight weight gain, inability gain, inability to keeptowarm, keep mental warm, mental blood glucose blood glucose ordinated ordinated and controlled. and controlled. This is This achieved is achieved by the interaction by the interaction of of dullness,dullness, and dry,and puffy dry, skin. puffy Its skin. effects Its can effects be reversed can be reversed by administering by administering level level Cells c PancreasPancreas two systems: two systems: the nervous the nervous systemsystem and theand endocrine the endocrine system.system.thyroxine. glyco thyroxine. Iodine defi Iodine ciency deficiency can also canlead alsotolead hypothyroidism. to hypothyroidism. Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes less less Syllabus Reference Activities gluc The nervous The nervous systemsystem makes makes very rapid verymeasurements, rapid measurements, changes changesthyroxinethyroxine deficiency defiin ciency children—cretinism—can in children—cretinism—can lead to lead dwarfi tosm dwarfi andsm and level drops insulin and level drops insulin and and r more glucagon more glucagon neurological impairment. impairment. into and adjustments. and adjustments. The endocrine The endocrine system,system, which which consists consists of ofneurological Practical Activities Leaving Certifi cate all hormone-secreting all hormone-secreting glands glands in Biology the body, in the usually body, usually acts more acts moreThe adrenal The adrenal glands, found glands,onfound top ofon the top kidneys, of the kidneys, produceproduce up to 50up different to 50 different Fig.4 Contr Fig. hormones. Two of Two the more of theimportant more important ones are ones hydrocortisone are hydrocortisone which which slowly slowly but with butlonger longer lasting lasting effects. In this In lesson this lesson we willwe willhormones. Unit 3.5.3 –with Responses in theeffects. human to stimuli Although there is no experiment toIt is showIt the effects of hormones on controls controls blood pressure, blood pressure, and adrenalin, and adrenalin, the “fi ght the or “fi fl ight” ght or hormone. fl ight” hormone. is glycogen) glycogen) the level the of glucose level of glucose in our blood in our nee blo look atlook some athormones some hormones that arethat present are present in our bodies, in our bodies, and theand the animals, of blood plant growth onisplants is similar to hormone the this hormone this hormone that causes that causes “butterfl “butterfl ies inthe the ieseffects tummy” in the tummy” as asis blood diverted is regulators divertedis accomplished accomplished by the hormone by the insulin. insulin effect on effect the on body theofbody hormone of hormone deficiency. deficiency. away from away thefrom intestines the intestines to the limbs. to theof limbs. effects hormones on animals. The effects of plant growth regulators If thereIf isthere an excess is an excess of glucose of glucose in the b in and highlight the effect of growth hormones. The term The gonads term gonads refers torefers thecan ovaries to be the studied ovaries in females inextensively females and the and testes the intestes males. in males. hyperglycaemia—long hyperglycaemia—long term problems term problems with y The testes The produce testes produce testosterone, testosterone, which iswhich responsible is responsible for secondary for secondarykidneyskidneys may occur. may Aoccur. common A common side effect sideofeft Practical Activity Hypothalamus Hypothalamus sexual characteristics sexual characteristics – facialMandatory hair, – facial increased hair, increased muscle, muscle, broad shoulders broad shoulders and anddiabetesdiabetes is hypoglycaemia, is hypoglycaemia, low glucose low glucose levels i development development of the sex of organs. the sex organs. by symptoms by symptoms including including lack of lack concentra of co Pineal gland Pineal gland Investigation of the effect of IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) on plant tissue. intoxication, intoxication, palpitations palpitations and dizziness. and dizziness Pituitary gland Pituitary gland In females In females the ovaries the ovaries produceproduce oestrogen oestrogen (produced (produced by the by Graafi theanGraafian Thyroid gland Thyroid gland follicle) follicle) and progesterone and progesterone (produced (produced by the corpus by the luteum). corpus luteum). Both these Both these There are There twoare main two types mainof types diabetes: of diabete hormones hormones are responsible are responsible for the for development the development and maturing and maturing of the of the Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes – This occurs – This when occurs the when bodythe is endometrium (the layer inner of the layer uterus). of the uterus). After completing this lesson the student will be ableendometrium to:(the inner its own insulin. its own Onset insulin.generally Onset generally occurs at occurs a you is primarily treated primarily with insulin withinjections. insulin injection Insuli AnotherAnother major gland major ingland the endocrine in the endocrine system is system the pancreas is the pancreas which plays which a plays ais treated • Outline the function of hormones injected be injected or inhaled or inhaled becausebecause it is a prote it i dual roledual as both role an as both endocrine an endocrine and an exocrine and an exocrine gland. As gland. an exocrine As an exocrine gland glandmust bemust destroyed by digestive by digestive enzymes. enzymes. Healthy Health eating it produces it produces digestivedigestive enzymes enzymes such assuch amylase, as amylase, lipase and lipase trypsin and which trypsin whichdestroyed • Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine systems help to control help to Type control 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes. are released are released via the pancreatic via the pancreatic duct intoduct the into duodenum. the duodenum. Fig.1 Location Fig.1 Location of the major of the endocrine major endocrine glands glands Learning Objectives • Name the main glands in the endocrine system and their function • Recognise the cause of Type 2 diabetes Pancreas Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) (Islets of Langerhans) • Ovary (female) Ovary (female) Understand the role of diet Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes – This accounts – This accounts for 90%for of 90 all The Islets TheofIslets Langerhans of Langerhans constitute constitute the endocrine the endocrine part of part the gland, of the gland,Type 2 diabetes Ireland. Ireland. Onset ofOnset Type of 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes typicallytypic occ producing producing several hormones, several hormones, of whichofthe which two most the two important most important are: are: There genetic are genetic factors that factors confer thatan confer increa an • Glucagon • Glucagon which encourages which encourages the conversion the conversion of glycogen of glycogen to glucose. to glucose. It ItThere are type of diabetes. Other factors Other include factors include being o and exercise in preventing thereby thereby raises the raises glucose the glucose level in the levelblood, in thepreventing blood, preventing it from falling it from fallingtype of diabetes. Testes (male) Testes (male) and excess and consumption excess consumption of sugary of and sugary fattyand foo too low. too Glucagon low. Glucagon is secreted is secreted by alphaby cells. alpha cells. Adrenal gland Adrenal gland There two are main two ways main in ways whichinType which 2 diab Typ Insulin • which Insulinlowers which blood lowerssugar bloodlevels sugarinlevels the blood. in the Itblood. does Itthis does by this byThere are body notdoes make not enough make enough insulin, or insulin, the insu or boostingboosting the uptake the of uptake glucose of glucose by cells,by and cells, facilitates and facilitates its conversion its conversionbody does A hormone A hormone is a biochemical is a biochemical productproduct that acts thatasacts a messenger. as a messenger. work properly. Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes can be treated can be to glycogen to glycogen and fat. and Insulin fat.isInsulin secreted is secreted by beta by cells. beta Glucose cells. Glucose is storedis storedwork properly. Hormones Hormones are produced are produced in smallinquantities small quantities by the endocrine by the endocrine glands. glands. and, as and, it is aasprogressive it is a progressive disease,dis ta as glycogen as glycogen as it is non-osmotic as it is non-osmotic and therefore and therefore preventsprevents the cellsthe from cells fromexerciseexercise An endocrine An endocrine gland isgland a ductless is a ductless gland that gland releases that releases a hormone a hormone directly directly may be may required be required at a lateratstage. a later There stage.isThere an u filling with filling water with bywater osmosis by osmosis and bursting. and bursting. Indicate whether the following are true (T) or false (F) by into theinto blood the stream blood stream in whichin itwhich travelsit around travels around the body thetobody exerttoa exert a Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes amongstamongst young people youngin people Irelan Each of Each theseof hormones these hormones inhibits the inhibits other’s therelease other’s by release the pancreas. by the pancreas. specific specifi effect cateffect a particular at a particular target site. target Hormones site. Hormones are generally are generally classed classed of diabetes of diabetes in the young in the(MODY) young (MODY) is a result is a ofre u drawing a circle around T or F. as peptides as peptides such assuch insulin asand insulin ADH and [anti-diuretic ADH [anti-diuretic hormone] hormone] or steroids or steroids exercise.exercise. DiabetesDiabetes can be detected can be detected by testing by t What What is diabetes? is diabetes? such as such testosterone as testosterone or progesterone. or progesterone. the blood. in the blood. (a) There are two systems in the body that inwork together, the WhatWhat is a hormone? is a hormone? • True or False General Learning Points • A hormone is a biochemical product that acts as a messenger. WhatWhat are the arefunctions the functions of each of each of the ofglands? the glands? Secreted by one organ in the body, the hormone travels through the nervous system and theinto endocrine system. Capillaries Capillaries into which which T F How doHow medications do medications for diabetes for diabetes work? w main The function main function of medication of medication for diab is t Hormones are biochemicals that act asThe messengers. TforFdiabetes by the body. by the Inbody. Type 2Indiabetes Type 2 diabetes oral medication oral med therapy therapy is required. is required. Oral medications Oral All glands work independently of each other. T medications F can be uc Beta cells Beta cells (secrete insulin) (secrete insulin) to release to release insulin, insulin, increaseincrease the body’s the sensitiv body’s breakdown andall absorption and absorption of starches of starches and suga a The pituitary gland is the master gland,breakdown controlling can latercan be later usedbe in conjunction used in conjunction with insulin withthe ins hormones hormones are released are released The pituitary The blood pituitary gland, stream also gland, known also as known the master as theits gland, master controls gland, controls all the all theof the body. where it exerts effect on another part (b) other glands. other glands. It has two It has lobes; two the lobes; anterior the anterior lobe which lobereleases which releases ADH ADH • prevents Aexcess glandurine is an organ that secretes substances, producing an effect in and prevents and excess formation, urine formation, (c) and oxytocin and another oxytocin which part controls whichofcontrols birthbody. birth the contractions. contractions. The posterior The posterior lobe lobe (d) • a The pituitary gland is the master gland as it controls all other glands. releasesreleases variety a variety of hormones of hormones other glands. T F Alpha cellsAlpha cells including including FSH (Follicle FSH (Follicle Stimulating Stimulating There are There two main are two types main oftypes insulinoftherapy; insulin ther one • The pancreas acts as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. (secrete glucagon) (secrete glucagon) Hormone), Hormone), LH (Luteinising LH (Luteinising Hormone), Hormone), (e) The Islets of Langerhans are found in the pituitary gland. T Ftothe of insulin, ofwhich insulin, iswhich designed is designed to imitate imitate natura th prolactinprolactin (released (released when female when female is is • Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot produce or regulate that provides that provides stable levels stable oflevels insulin. of These insulin.basa The suckledsuckled during lactation) during lactation) and growth and growth Fig.3 Islets Fig.3 ofIslets Langerhans of Langerhans (f) Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is not enough sugar and areand intended are intended to suppress to suppress glucoseglucose produc properly. hormones. hormones. Itinsulin also Itproduces also produces other other other type other of type insulin of therapy—bolus insulin therapy—bolus in in the body. T F injections DiabetesDiabetes mellitus mellitus occurs when occurs there when is there too much is toosugar muchinsugar the body. in theWhen body. When hormones hormones that control that control the adrenal the adrenal and is intended and is intended to be taken to be just taken before justabefore meal oa • Hyperglycaemia occurs when there is a high level of glucose we eat foods we eatrich foods in starch rich in(such starchas(such bread, asrice bread, or potatoes), rice or potatoes), the starch theisstarch is and thyroid andglands. thyroid glands. (g) Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of all cases of diabetes. T F in the blood. broken down brokenbydown the digestive by the digestive system into system glucose. into glucose. GlucoseGlucose is also found is also foundThere are There many are types many oftypes insulinofon insulin the market. on the m Th The thyroid The gland thyroidisgland located is located on the on the in sugary in foods. sugaryThe foods. glucose The (h) glucose thenGoitre travels thenis intravels the blood in thestream blood and stream is used and ishyperglycaemia. usedproduction production has progressed has progressed a lot recent a lot inyears recen a symptom indicating an Tin F •the Hypoglycaemia occurs when there is a low level of glucose front of front trachea of the trachea in the neck in the just neck just as an source energy for source cell functions for cell functions or is stored or isinstored the liver in the as glycogen. liver as glycogen.(e.g. Lantus) (e.g. are Lantus) produced are produced by recombinant by recombina DNA Fig.2 Goitre, Fig.2 due Goitre, to underactive due to underactive as an energy below the below Adam’s apple. releases It releases thyroid thyroid in the theAdam’s blood.Itapple. As glucose As glucose is produced is produced naturally by the liver by the (from liverthe (from breakdown the breakdown of this of this of strains bacteria. of bacteria. (i) naturally Insulin is secreted by beta cells found in strains the Islets of Langerhans. T F the hormone the hormone thyroxinethyroxine which controls which controls • Type 2 diabetes account for 90% of all cases of diabetes in Ireland. • In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in incidences of mature onset of diabetes in the young (MODY). This is due to lack of exercise and unbalance diets. • Blood glucose levels are affected by hormones other than insulin. Adrenaline and thyroxine both increase the use of glucose and so lower its level, while cortisol and growth hormone both raise glucose levels. (j) Insulin can be produced using recombinant DNA technologies. T F Check your answers to these questions on www.sta.ie and and ���������������������� ������� �������������� ��� es Diabetes �� and Glands, Glands, Hormones Hormones Diabetes Diabetes growth development. and development. ThyroxinThyroxin deficiency deficauses ciency causes the gland thetogland swell,to swell, The human The human body isbody an extremely is an extremely complex complex group group of organs of organsgrowth and Cells r PancreasPancreas in a goitre. in a goitre. and tissues, and tissues, far more far complex more complex than the thanmost the advanced most advancedresultingresulting secretes secretes more more glucos Sugar Sugar blood insulin and insulin and aircraft.aircraft. However However just like just anlike aircraft, an aircraft, all the all systems the systems must mustMyxoedema chan Myxoedema is a thyroid-defi is a thyroid-defi ciency disease ciency disease that canthat develop can develop in adultin adult level riseslevel rises less glucagon less glucagon to gly life, frequently most frequently in middle-aged in middle-aged women.women. The symptoms The symptoms include include loss loss work inwork harmony in harmony if we are if we to survive are to survive – the systems – the systems must be must co- be co-life, most Normal Normal of energy of energy and appetite, and appetite, weight weight gain, inability gain, inability to keeptowarm, keep mental warm, mental blood glucose blood glucose ordinated ordinated and controlled. and controlled. This is This achieved is achieved by the interaction by the interaction of of dullness,dullness, and dry,and puffy dry, skin. puffy Its skin. effects Its can effects be reversed can be reversed by administering by administering level level Cells c PancreasPancreas two systems: two systems: the nervous the nervous systemsystem and theand endocrine the endocrine system.system.thyroxine. glyco thyroxine. Iodine defi Iodine ciency deficiency can also canlead alsotolead hypothyroidism. to hypothyroidism. Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes less less Examination Questions gluc Biographical The nervous The nervous systemsystem makes makes very rapid verymeasurements, rapid measurements, changes changesthyroxinethyroxine deficiency defiin ciency children—cretinism—can in children—cretinism—can lead Notes to lead dwarfi tosm dwarfi andsm and level drops insulin and level drops insulin and and r more glucagon more glucagon neurological impairment. impairment. into and adjustments. and adjustments. The endocrine The endocrine system,system, which which consists consists of ofneurological 2005 Leavingglands Certifi Sir Frederick Banting all hormone-secreting all hormone-secreting glands in cate the body, in Higher the usually body,Level usually acts more acts moreThe adrenal The adrenal glands, found glands,onfound top of on the top kidneys, of the kidneys, produce produce up to 1891–1941 50up different to 50 different Fig.4 Contr Fig. hormones. hormones. Two of Two the more of theimportant more important ones are ones hydrocortisone are hydrocortisone which which slowly Where slowly but with but longer with longer lasting lasting effects. effects. In this lesson this of lesson we we willmale? is testosterone secreted in theIn body thewill human Born in Ontario, Canada, Banting studied medicine atlevel the University ofblood controls controls blood pressure, blood pressure, and adrenalin, and adrenalin, the “fi ght the or “fi fl ight” ght or hormone. fl ight” hormone. It is It is glycogen) glycogen) the the of glucose level of glucose in our in our nee blo look atlook some athormones some hormones that arethat present are present in our bodies, in our bodies, and theand the this hormone this hormone that causes that causes “butterfl “butterfl ies inHe the ies tummy” in the in tummy” asWorld bloodasWar isblood diverted is diverted Toronto. served I with the Canadian ArmybyMedical Corps, is accomplished is accomplished the hormone by the hormone insulin. insulin Give brief account of defi theciency. role testosterone. effect on effect theaon body theof body hormone of hormone defiofciency. away from away thefrom intestines the intestines to the limbs. to the limbs. until he was wounded in 1918 when he returned toIfCanada. onoftoglucose If there isthere an excess is He an went excess of glucose in the b in to systems inThe response togonads study orthopaedic medicine, later to lecture inhyperglycaemia—long endocrinology well problems term The gonads term refers torefers the ovaries to the ovaries in females in females and the and testes theand intestes males. in males. hyperglycaemia—long termas problems term with y The testes The produce testes produce testosterone, whichasiswhich is responsible for secondary for secondary kidneys may occur. may Aoccur. common A common side effect sideofeft stimuli in the human body. astestosterone, to work aresponsible medical practitioner. Unhappy withkidneys his practice, he left and Hypothalamus Hypothalamus sexual characteristics sexual characteristics – facial hair, – facial increased hair, increased muscle,muscle, broad shoulders shoulders and anddiabetesdiabetes hypoglycaemia, is hypoglycaemia, low glucose low glucose levels i conducted research underbroad Professor Macleod in theisUniversity of Toronto. development development of the sex of organs. the sex organs. (i) The pancreas is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. Explain by symptoms by symptoms including including lack of lack concentra of co Pineal gland Pineal gland There he developed his idea for the isolation of the internal secretion of dizziness intoxication, intoxication, palpitations palpitations and dizziness. and Pituitary gland Pituitary gland the underlined terms. In females In females the ovaries the ovaries produce produce oestrogen oestrogen (produced (produced by the by Graafi the an Graafi an the pancreas. Along with his team, Banting successfully extracted these Thyroid gland Thyroid gland follicle) follicle) and progesterone and progesterone (produced (produced by the corpus by the luteum). corpus luteum). Both these Both these There are There twoare main two types mainof types diabetes: of diabete secretions. and Macleod, (ii) Name the product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state hormones hormones are responsible are responsible for the for development theBanting development and maturing and maturing of thewere of theawarded the Nobel Prize for Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes – This occurs – This when occurs the when bodythe is medicine in 1923. one of its functions. endometrium endometrium (the inner (the layer inner of the layer uterus). of the uterus).In 1924 Banting was knighted by King George V. Answer following in relation Fig.1 Location Fig.1 Location of the the major of the endocrine major questions endocrine glands glands 2004 Leaving Certificate Ordinary Level (i) What is a hormone? its own insulin. its own Onset insulin.generally Onset generally occurs at occurs a you is primarily treated primarily with insulin withinjections. insulin injection Insuli AnotherAnother major gland major ingland the endocrine in the endocrine system is system the pancreas is the pancreas which plays which a plays ais treated injected be injected or inhaled or inhaled becausebecause it is a prote it i dual roledual as both role an as both endocrine an endocrine and an exocrine and an exocrine gland. As gland. an exocrine As an exocrine gland glandmust bemust Charles Best 1899–1978 destroyed by digestive by digestive enzymes. enzymes. Healthy Health eating it produces it produces digestivedigestive enzymes enzymes such assuch amylase, as amylase, lipase and lipase trypsin and which trypsin whichdestroyed help to control help to Type control 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes. are released are released via the pancreatic via the pancreatic duct intoduct the into duodenum. the duodenum. Best was born in Maine, USA to Canadian parents. As a medical student gland Adrenal gland diabetes Type 2 diabetes – This accounts – This accounts for 90%for of 90 all diagram of the Adrenal human body and indicate on the The Islets Theit ofIslets Langerhans of Langerhans constitute the endocrine the endocrine of part the he gland, of the gland,Type in theconstitute University of part Toronto worked with2 Frederick Banting and Ireland. Ireland. Onset ofOnset Type of 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes typicallytypic occ producing several hormones, several hormones, of whichofthe which two most the two important most important are: are: location of the following hormone-producing glands byproducing the following together they isolated the human hormone insulin. In 1923 a research unit There are There genetic are genetic factors that factors confer thatan confer increa an • Glucagon • Glucagon which encourages which encourages conversion the conversion of glycogen of glycogen to glucose. glucose. It letters wasthe founded in the University of toToronto inIttype theirof name: the Banting-Best Ovary (female) Ovary (female) diabetes. type of diabetes. Other factors Other include factors include being o (ii)Pancreas DrawPancreas an outline (Islets of Langerhans) (Islets of Langerhans) W Pituitary thereby thereby raises the raises glucose the glucose level in the levelblood, in thepreventing blood, preventing it from falling it from falling and excess and consumption excess consumption of sugary of and sugary fattyand foo Department of Medical too low. too Glucagon low. Glucagon is secreted is secreted by alphaby cells. alpha cells. Research. Testes (male) Testes (male) There two are main two ways main in ways whichinType which 2 diab Typ Insulin • which Insulinlowers which blood lowerssugar bloodlevels sugarinlevels the blood. in the Itblood. does Itthis does by this byThere are body notdoes make not enough make enough insulin, or insulin, the insu or boostingboosting the uptake the of uptake glucose of glucose by cells,by and cells, facilitates and facilitates its conversion its conversionbody does Read more about other famous scientists at www.sta.ie A hormone A hormone is a biochemical is a biochemical productproduct that acts thatasacts a messenger. as a messenger. work properly. Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes can be treated can be to glycogen to glycogen and fat. and Insulin fat.isInsulin secreted is secreted by beta by cells. beta Glucose cells. Glucose is storedis storedwork properly. Y produced Pancreas (Islets of quantities Langerhans) Hormones Hormones are are produced in small inquantities small by the endocrine by the endocrine glands. glands. and, as and, it is aasprogressive it is a progressive disease,dis ta as glycogen as glycogen as it is non-osmotic as it is non-osmotic and therefore and therefore preventsprevents the cellsthe from cells fromexerciseexercise An endocrine An endocrine gland isgland a ductless is a ductless gland that gland releases that releases a hormone a hormone directly directly may be may required be required at a lateratstage. a later There stage.isThere an u filling with filling water with bywater osmosis by osmosis and bursting. and bursting. Z Adrenals into theinto blood the stream blood stream in whichin itwhich travelsit around travels around the body thetobody exerttoa exert a Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes amongstamongst young people youngin people Irelan Each of Each theseof hormones these hormones inhibits the inhibits other’s therelease other’s by release the pancreas. by the pancreas. specific specifi effect cateffect a particular at a particular target site. target Hormones site. Hormones are generally are generally classed classed of diabetes of diabetes in the young in the(MODY) young (MODY) is a result is a ofre u (iii) In the case of one of the hormone-producing glands that you have as peptides as peptides such assuch insulin asand insulin ADH and [anti-diuretic ADH [anti-diuretic hormone] hormone] or steroids or steroids exercise.exercise. DiabetesDiabetes can be detected can be detected by testing by t What What is diabetes? is diabetes? such as such testosterone as testosterone or or diagram, progesterone. located inprogesterone. your state: in the blood. in the blood. WhatWhat isXa hormone? isThyroid a hormone? • WhatWhat are are functions the functions of each of the ofglands? the glands? 1. the the gland and of theeach hormone it produces CapillariesCapillaries into which into which hormones hormones are released are released Revise the Terms How doHow medications do medications for diabetes for diabetes work? w The main The function main function of medication of medication for diabetes for diab is t The pituitary The pituitary gland, also gland, known also as known the master as the gland, master controls gland, controls all the all the 2. a function of this hormone by the body. by the Inbody. Type 2Indiabetes Type 2 diabetes oral medication oral med other glands. other glands. It has two It has lobes; two the lobes; anterior the anterior lobe which lobereleases which releases ADH ADH Can you recall the meaning of these terms? Reviewing the therapy therapy is required. is required. Oral medications Oral medications can be uc and prevents and prevents excess urine excess formation, urine formation, Beta cells Beta cells a defi ciency symptom (secrete insulin) to release to release insulin, insulin, increaseincrease the body’s the sensitiv body’s and oxytocin and 3. oxytocin which controls which controls birth birth of this hormone. terminology (secrete is a insulin) powerful aid for recall and retention. breakdown breakdown and absorption and absorption of starches of starches and suga a contractions. contractions. The posterior The posterior lobe lobe (iv) State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action. latercan be later usedbe in conjunction used in conjunction with insulin withthe ins releasesreleases a variety a variety of hormones of hormones Nervous system; endocrine system; can hormone; pituitary gland; Alpha cellsAlpha cells including including FSH (Follicle FSH (Follicle Stimulating Stimulating ThereStimulating are There two main are two types main oftypes insulinoftherapy; insulin ther one (secrete glucagon) (secrete glucagon) master gland; oxytocin; FSH; Follicle Hormone; For further examples of past paper questions Hormone), Hormone), LH (Luteinising LH (Luteinising Hormone), Hormone), of insulin, ofwhich insulin, iswhich designed is designed to imitate tothe imitate natura th prolactinprolactin (released (released when female when female is check is LH; Luteinising Hormone; Prolactin; growth hormones; thyroid www.sta.ie that provides that provides stable levels stable oflevels insulin. of These insulin.basa The suckledsuckled during lactation) during lactation) and growth and growth Fig.3 Islets Fig.3 of Islets Langerhans of Langerhans and are and intended are intended to suppress to suppress glucoseglucose produc gland; thyroxin; myxoedema; cretinism; thymus; lymphocytes; hormones. hormones. It also Itproduces also produces other other other type other of type insulin of therapy—bolus insulin therapy—bolus in immune system; adrenals; hydrocortisone; adrenalin; gonads; injections DiabetesDiabetes mellitus mellitus occurs when occurs there when is there too much is toosugar much insugar the body. in theWhen body. When hormones hormones that control that control the adrenal the adrenal and is intended and is intended to be taken to be just taken before justabefore meal oa we eat foods we eatrich foods in starch rich in(such starchas(such bread, asrice bread, or potatoes), rice or the starch theisstarch and thyroid andglands. thyroid glands. testosterone; Leidig orpotatoes), Interstitial cells;isoestrogen; Graffian follicle; broken down brokenbydown the digestive by the digestive system into system glucose. into glucose. GlucoseGlucose is also found is also foundThere are There many are types many oftypes insulinofon insulin the market. on the m Th progesterone; corpus luteum; pancreas; the production islets of has Langerhans; The thyroid The gland thyroidisgland located is located on the on the in sugary in foods. sugaryThe foods. glucose The glucose then travels thenintravels the blood in thestream blood and stream is used and is usedproduction has progressed progressed a lot in recent a lot inyears recen front of front the trachea of the trachea in the neck in thejust neck just alpha cells; hypoglycaemia; beta cells; diabetes as an source energy for source cell Insulin; functions for cell functions or is stored or isinstored theglucagon; liver in the as glycogen. liver as glycogen.(e.g. Lantus) (e.g. are Lantus) produced are produced by recombinant by recombina DNA Fig.2 Goitre, Fig.2 due Goitre, to underactive due to underactive as an energy below the Adam’s the Adam’s apple. Itapple. releases It releases •below Leonard Thompson, aged 14 years, was the first personAstoglucose beAs glucose thyroid thyroid is produced is produced naturally naturally by the liver by the (from liverthe (from breakdown the breakdown of this of thisstrains of strains bacteria. ofcoma; bacteria. insulin mellitus; hyperglycaemia; glycosuria; diabetic the hormone the hormone thyroxinethyroxine which controls which controls Did You Know? administered with insulin—on the 11 January 1922. After showing signs of improved health he lived for a further 13 years. • In 1985 The International Diabetes Federation estimated 30 million cases of Type 2 diabetes worldwide. This number increased to 150 million in 2000 and is expected to rise to over 333 million in 2025. • Some migraines are related to hormonal fluctuations. Some women get them before or during their menstrual periods. • Laughing lowers the levels of stress hormones. It also helps to strengthen the immune system. • Salt is vital for balancing the sugar levels in the blood, a needed suplement in the treatment in diabetes. dependent diabetes; non-insulin dependent diabetes. Check the Glossary of Terms for this lesson on www.sta.ie