Download Gl Glands, Hormones Diabetes

and
and
Glands,
Glands,
Hormones
Hormones Diabetes
Diabetes
Glands, Hormones
growth
development.
and development.
ThyroxinThyroxin
deficiency
deficauses
ciency causes
the gland
thetogland
swell,to swell,
The human
The human
body isbody
an extremely
is an extremely
complex
complex
group group
of organs
of organsgrowth and
Cells r
PancreasPancreas
in a goitre.
in a goitre.
and tissues,
and tissues,
far more
far complex
more complex
than the
thanmost
the advanced
most advancedresultingresulting
secretes secretes
more
more glucos
Sugar Sugar
blood
insulin and
insulin and
aircraft.aircraft.
However
However
just like
just
anlike
aircraft,
an aircraft,
all the all
systems
the systems
must mustMyxoedema
chan
Myxoedema
is a thyroid-defi
is a thyroid-defi
ciency disease
ciency disease
that canthat
develop
can develop
in adultin adult level riseslevel rises less glucagon
less glucagon
to
gly
life,
frequently
most frequently
in middle-aged
in middle-aged
women.women.
The symptoms
The symptoms
include include
loss
loss
work inwork
harmony
in harmony
if we are
if we
to survive
are to survive
– the systems
– the systems
must be
must
co- be co-life, most
Normal Normal
of energy
of energy
and appetite,
and appetite,
weight weight
gain, inability
gain, inability
to keeptowarm,
keep mental
warm, mental blood glucose
blood
glucose
ordinated
ordinated
and controlled.
and controlled.
This is This
achieved
is achieved
by the interaction
by the interaction
of
of
dullness,
and
dry,and
puffy
dry,
skin.
puffy
Its skin.
effects
Itsand
can
effects
be
reversed
can be reversed
by administering
by administering
level
growth
development.
Thyroxin
deficiency level
causes
thePancreas
glandPancreas
to swell, Cells c
The
human
issystem
an extremely
complex
group
ofdullness,
organs
two systems:
two
systems:
the
nervous
the body
nervous
system
and
theand
endocrine
the endocrine
system.system.
glyco
thyroxine.
thyroxine.
Iodine defi
Iodine
ciency
deficiency
can also
canlead
alsotolead
hypothyroidism.
to hypothyroidism.
Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes
less
less
resulting
in
a
goitre.
gluc
and
tissues,
complex
than
the
most
advanced
The nervous
The
nervous
system
system
makesfar
makes
verymore
rapid
verymeasurements,
rapid
measurements,
changes
changes
thyroxine
thyroxine
deficiency
defiin
ciency
children—cretinism—can
in children—cretinism—can
lead to lead
dwarfi
tosm
dwarfi
andsm and level drops
insulin and
level drops insulin and
and r
more
glucagon
more
glucagon
neurological
neurological
impairment.
impairment.
into
and adjustments.
and
adjustments.
The
endocrine
The
endocrine
system,
system,
which
which
consists
consists
of
of
aircraft. However just like an aircraft, all the systems must
Myxoedema is a thyroid-deficiency disease that can develop in adult
all hormone-secreting
all hormone-secreting
glandsglands
the body,
in the usually
body, usually
acts more
moreThe adrenal
Thebe
adrenal
glands,
glands,onfound
top
the
top
kidneys,
offrequently
the kidneys,
producein
produce
upmiddle-aged
to 50up
different
to 50 different
life,ofon
most
women. The symptoms include loss
Fig.4 Contr
Fig.
work in harmony
ifinwe
are
to survive
– theacts
systems
must
co-found
hormones.
Two of Two
the more
of the
more
important
ones
hydrocortisone
are hydrocortisone
whichgain,
whichinability to keep warm, mental
slowly slowly
but with
butlonger
with longer
lasting lasting
effects.effects.
In this In
lesson
this lesson
we willwe willhormones.
ofimportant
energy
andareones
appetite,
weight
ordinated
and
controlled.
This
is
achieved
by
the
interaction
of
controls
controls
blood
pressure,
blood
pressure,
and
adrenalin,
and
adrenalin,
the
“fi
ght
the
or
“fi
fl
ight”
ght
or
hormone.
fl
ight”
hormone.
It
is
It
is
glycogen)
glycogen)
the
level
the
of
glucose
level
of
glucose
in
our
blood
in
our
nee
blo
look atlook
some
athormones
some hormones
that arethat
present
are present
in our bodies,
in our bodies,
and theand the
dullness,
and
puffy
skin.
Its effects
can
be reversed
by administering
this hormone
this hormone
that causes
that causes
“butterfl
“butterfl
ies in the
iestummy”
indry,
the tummy”
as blood
asisblood
diverted
is diverted
is accomplished
is accomplished
by the hormone
by the hormone
insulin. insulin
two
systems:
the
nervous
system and the endocrine
system.
effect on
effect
the on
body
theofbody
hormone
of
hormone
defi
ciency.
deficiency.
away from
away
thefrom
intestines
the intestines
to thethyroxine.
limbs.
to the limbs.Iodine deficiency can also lead to hypothyroidism. Such
If thereIf isthere
an excess
is an excess
of glucose
glucose
in the b
in
The nervous system makes very rapid measurements,
changes
thyroxine
defiinciency
intestes
children—cretinism—can
lead
to dwarfi
smof and
The term
The
gonads
term gonads
refers torefers
the ovaries
to the ovaries
in females
females
and the and
theintestes
males.
in males.hyperglycaemia—long
hyperglycaemia—long
term problems
term problems
with y
neurological
impairment.
Theconsists
testes
The produce
testes
testosterone,
testosterone,
which iswhich
responsible
is responsible
for secondary
for secondarykidneyskidneys
and adjustments. The endocrine system, which
of produce
may occur.
may Aoccur.
common
A common
side effect
sideofeft
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
sexual characteristics
sexual characteristics
– facial hair,
– facial
increased
hair, increased
muscle,muscle,
broad shoulders
broad shoulders
and
anddiabetesdiabetes
is hypoglycaemia,
is hypoglycaemia,
low glucose
low glucose
levels i
all hormone-secreting glands in the body, usually
acts
more
The
adrenal
glands,
found
on
top
of
the
kidneys,
produce
up
to
50
different
development
development
of the sex
of organs.
the sex organs.
by symptoms
by symptoms
including
including
lack of lack
concentra
of co
Pineal gland
Pineal gland
hormones. Two of the more important ones
are
hydrocortisone
which
intoxication,
intoxication,
palpitations
palpitations
and dizziness.
and dizziness
slowly but with longer lasting
effects.
Pituitary gland
Pituitary glandIn this lesson we will
In females
In females
the ovaries
the ovaries
produceproduce
oestrogen
oestrogen
(produced
(produced
by the by
Graafi
theanGraafian
controls
the “fight or flight” hormone. It is
Thyroid
gland
Thyroid
gland in our bodies,
follicle) follicle)
and
progesterone
and progesterone
(produced
(produced
byblood
the corpus
bypressure,
the luteum).
corpus and
luteum).
Bothadrenalin,
these
Both these
look at some hormones that
are
present
and
the
There are
There
twoare
main
two
types
mainof
types
diabetes:
of diabete
thisthehormone
thatand
causes
hormones
hormones
are responsible
are responsible
for
for
development
the development
maturing
and“butterfl
maturing
of theies
of in
thethe tummy” as blood is diverted
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
– This occurs
– This when
occurs
the
when
bodythe
is
effect on the body of hormone deficiency.
endometrium
endometrium
(the inner
(the
layer
inner
of
the
layer
uterus).
of the the
uterus).
away
from
intestines to the limbs.
Fig.1 Location
Fig.1 Location
of the major
of the
endocrine
major endocrine
glands glands
Fig.1 Location of the major endocrine glands
Pancreas Pancreas
(Islets of Langerhans)
(Islets of Langerhans)
Pineal gland
Ovary (female)
Ovary (female)
its own insulin.
its own Onset
insulin.generally
Onset generally
occurs at
occurs
a you
is primarily
treated primarily
with insulin
withinjections.
insulin injection
Insuli
AnotherAnother
major gland
major
ingland
the endocrine
in the endocrine
system is
system
the pancreas
is the pancreas
which plays
which
a plays ais treated
The
term
gonads
refers
to
the
ovaries
in
females
and
the
testes
in
males.
injected
be injected
or inhaled
or inhaled
becausebecause
it is a prote
it i
dual roledual
as both
role an
as both
endocrine
an endocrine
and an exocrine
and an exocrine
gland. As
gland.
an exocrine
As an exocrine
gland glandmust bemust
The
produce
testosterone,
is responsible
for
secondary
destroyed
by digestive
by digestive
enzymes.
enzymes.
Healthy Health
eating
it produces
it produces
digestivedigestive
enzymes
enzymes
suchtestes
assuch
amylase,
as
amylase,
lipase and
lipase
trypsin
and which
trypsinwhich
whichdestroyed
helpmuscle,
to control
help tobroad
Type
control
1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes.
are released
are released
via the pancreatic
via the pancreatic
duct into
duct
the into
duodenum.
the duodenum.
Hypothalamus
sexual
characteristics
– facial hair, increased
shoulders
and
development
of
sex
Type 2 diabetes
– This accounts
– This accounts
for 90%for
of 90
all
The Islets
TheofIslets
Langerhans
of Langerhans
constitute
constitute
the endocrine
thethe
endocrine
part organs.
of part
the gland,
of the gland,Type 2 diabetes
Ireland. Ireland.
Onset ofOnset
Type of
2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
typicallytypic
occ
producing
producing
several hormones,
several hormones,
of whichofthe
which
two most
the two
important
most important
are:
are:
Pituitary gland
In females the ovaries produce oestrogen
(produced
by
the
Graafi
an
There
genetic
are genetic
factors that
factors
confer
thatan
confer
increa
an
• Glucagon
• Glucagon
which encourages
which encourages
the conversion
the conversion
of glycogen
of glycogen
to glucose.
to glucose.
It
ItThere are
Thyroid gland thereby thereby
diabetes.
type of luteum).
diabetes.
Other factors
Other
factors
being o
and
(produced
by type
the of
corpus
Bothinclude
theseinclude
raises the
raises
glucose
the follicle)
glucose
level in the
level
blood,
inprogesterone
thepreventing
blood, preventing
it from
falling
it from falling
Testes (male)
Testes (male)
and excess
and consumption
excess
consumption
of sugary
sugary
foo
hormones
are
for the development
and maturing
ofof and
thefattyand
too low. too
Glucagon
low. Glucagon
is secreted
is secreted
by alphaby
cells.
alpharesponsible
cells.
Adrenal gland
Adrenal gland
endometrium
(the
inner
the
There
two are
main
two
ways
main
in ways
whichinType
which
2 diab
Typ
Insulin
• which
Insulinlowers
which blood
lowers
sugar
bloodlevels
sugarinlevels
the blood.
in the Itlayer
blood.
does of
Itthis
does
byuterus).
this byThere are
body
notdoes
make
not
enough
make enough
insulin, or
insulin,
the insu
or
boostingboosting
the uptake
the of
uptake
glucose
of glucose
by cells,by
and
cells,
facilitates
and facilitates
its conversion
its conversionbody does
A hormone
A hormone
is a biochemical
is a biochemical
productproduct
that acts
thatasacts
a messenger.
as a messenger.
Another
gland
in
the
system
the
pancreas
which
plays
workisproperly.
work
properly.
Type 2 diabetes
Type
2 diabetes
can beatreated
can be
to glycogen
to glycogen
and fat. and
Insulin
fat.
isInsulin
secreted
ismajor
secreted
by beta
by
cells.
beta
Glucose
cells.endocrine
Glucose
is storedis stored
Hormones
Hormones
are produced
are produced
in smallinquantities
small quantities
by the endocrine
by the endocrine
glands. glands.
exercise
and, As
as and,
itan
is exocrine
aasprogressive
it is a progressive
disease,dis
ta
as glycogen
as glycogen
as it is non-osmotic
as it is
non-osmotic
and as
therefore
and therefore
prevents
prevents
the cellsand
the
from
cells
fromexercise
dual
role
both
an
endocrine
an exocrine
gland.
gland
An endocrine
An endocrine
gland isgland
a ductless
is a ductless
gland that
gland
releases
that releases
a hormone
a hormone
directly directly
may be may
required
be required
at a lateratstage.
a later There
stage.isThere
an u
filling with
filling
water
with
bywater
osmosis
byitosmosis
and
bursting.
and bursting.
produces
digestive
enzymes
such
as
amylase,
lipase
and
trypsin
which
into theinto
blood
the stream
blood stream
in whichin itwhich
travelsit around
travels around
the body
thetobody
exerttoa exert a
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
amongstamongst
young people
youngin
people
Irelan
Each of Each
theseof
hormones
these hormones
inhibits
inhibits
other’s
therelease
other’s
by
release
the
pancreas.
by the pancreas.
arethe
released
via the
pancreatic
duct into the
duodenum.
specific specifi
effect cateffect
a particular
at a particular
target site.
target
Hormones
site. Hormones
are generally
are generally
classed classed
of diabetes
of diabetes
in the young
in the(MODY)
young (MODY)
is a result
is a
ofre
u
as peptides
as peptides
such assuch
insulin
asand
insulin
ADH
and
[anti-diuretic
ADH [anti-diuretic
hormone]
hormone]
or steroids
or steroids
exercise.exercise.
DiabetesDiabetes
can be detected
can be detected
by testing
by t
What
What
is
diabetes?
is
diabetes?
Pancreas
Adrenal
gland
The
Islets
of
Langerhans
constitute
the
endocrine
part
of
the
gland,
such as such
testosterone
as testosterone
or progesterone.
or progesterone.
in the blood.
in the blood.
(Islets of Langerhans)
WhatWhat
is a hormone?
is a hormone?
•
WhatWhat
are the
arefunctions
the functions
of each
of each
of theofglands?
the glands?
producing several
hormones,
of which the two most important are:
CapillariesCapillaries
into which into which
How doHow
medications
do medications
for diabetes
for diabetes
work? w
are released
are released
• Glucagon hormones
which hormones
encourages
the conversion
of
glycogen
to glucose.
It
The main
The
function
main function
of medication
of medication
for diabetes
for diab
is t
Ovary
(female)
The pituitary
The pituitary
gland, also
gland,
known
also
as
known
the master
as the gland,
master controls
gland, controls
all the all the
thereby
raises
the
glucose
level
in
the
blood,
preventing
it
from
falling
by the body.
by the
Inbody.
Type 2Indiabetes
Type 2 diabetes
oral medication
oral med
other glands.
other glands.
It has two
It has
lobes;
two the
lobes;
anterior
the anterior
lobe which
lobereleases
which releases
ADH Testes
ADH (male)
too low. Glucagon
iscells
secreted by alphatherapy
cells. therapy
is required.
is required.
Oral medications
Oral medications
can be uc
and prevents
and prevents
excess urine
excess
formation,
urine formation,
Beta cells Beta
(secrete insulin)
(secrete insulin)
to release
to release
insulin, insulin,
increaseincrease
the body’s
the sensitiv
body’s
and oxytocin
and oxytocin
which controls
which controls
birth birth
• Insulin which lowers blood sugar levels
in
the
blood.
It
does
this
by
breakdown
breakdown
and absorption
and absorption
of starches
of starches
and suga
a
contractions.
contractions.
The posterior
The posterior
lobe
lobe
boosting
the
uptake
of
glucose
by
cells,
and
facilitates
its
conversion
can latercan
be later
usedbe
in conjunction
used in conjunction
with insulin
withthe
ins
releasesreleases
a variety
a variety
of hormones
of hormones
A
hormone
is
a
biochemical
product
that
acts
as
a
messenger.
to glycogen
and
fat. Insulin
is secretedThere
by beta
cells.
Glucose
is stored
Alpha
cellsAlpha
cells
including
including
FSH (Follicle
FSH (Follicle
Stimulating
Stimulating
are
There
two main
are two
types
main
oftypes
insulinoftherapy;
insulin ther
one
(secrete glucagon)
(secrete glucagon)
Hormones
are
produced
in small quantities by the endocrine glands.
Hormone),
Hormone),
LH (Luteinising
LH (Luteinising
Hormone),
Hormone),
as glycogen as it is non-osmotic and therefore
prevents
the
cells
from
of insulin,
ofwhich
insulin,
iswhich
designed
is designed
to imitate
tothe
imitate
natura
th
prolactinprolactin
(released
(released
when female
when female
is a ductless
is
An
endocrine
gland
is
gland that releases a hormone directly
that provides
that provides
stable levels
stable
oflevels
insulin.
of These
insulin.basa
The
filling with water by osmosis and bursting.
suckledsuckled
during lactation)
during lactation)
and growth
and growth
Fig.3
Islets
Fig.3
of
Islets
Langerhans
of
Langerhans
and areand
intended
are intended
to suppress
to suppress
glucoseglucose
produc
into the blood stream in which it travels around the body to exert a
hormones.
hormones.
It also Itproduces
also produces
other other
Each of these hormones inhibits the other’s
release
theofpancreas.
other
type
other
ofby
type
insulin
therapy—bolus
insulin therapy—bolus
injections
in
specifi
cthat
effect
a the
particular
classed
DiabetesDiabetes
mellitus
mellitus
occurs when
occurs
there
when
is there
too much
is toosugar
muchinsugar
the body.
in theWhen
body. When
hormones
hormones
that control
control
theatadrenal
adrenal target site. Hormones are generally
and is intended
and is intended
to be taken
to be
just
taken
before
justabefore
meal oa
asglands.
peptides
such as insulin and ADH [anti-diuretic hormone]
we eat or
foods
westeroids
eatrich
foods
in starch
rich in(such
starchas(such
bread,
asrice
bread,
or potatoes),
rice or potatoes),
the starch
theisstarch is
and thyroid
and
thyroid
glands.
broken down
brokenbydown
the digestive
by the digestive
system into
system
glucose.
into glucose.
GlucoseGlucose
is also found
is also foundThere are
There
many
are
types
many
oftypes
insulinofon
insulin
the market.
on the m
Th
such
asistestosterone
The thyroid
The
gland
thyroid
gland
located
is located
on theoronprogesterone.
the
in sugary
in foods.
sugaryThe
foods.
glucose
The glucose
then travels
thenintravels
the blood
in thestream
blood and
stream
is used
and is usedproduction
production
has progressed
has progressed
a lot in recent
a lot inyears
recen
front of front
the trachea
of the trachea
in the neck
in thejust
neck just
as an source
energy for
source
cell functions
for cell functions
or is stored
or isinstored
the liver
in the
as glycogen.
liver as glycogen.(e.g. Lantus)
Capillaries
into are
which
(e.g. are
Lantus)
produced
produced
by recombinant
by recombina
DNA
Fig.2 Goitre,
Fig.2 due
Goitre,
to underactive
due to underactive as an energy
below the
below
Adam’s
the Adam’s
apple. Itapple.
releases
It releases thyroid thyroid
released
As glucose
As glucose
is produced
is produced
naturallynaturally
by the liver
by the
(from
liverthe
(from
breakdown
the breakdown
of this of thisstrainshormones
of
strains
bacteria.
ofare
bacteria.
the hormone
the hormone
thyroxinethyroxine
which controls
which controls
What is a hormone?
What is diabetes?
What are the functions of each of the glands?
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, controls all the
other glands. It has two lobes; the anterior lobe which releases ADH
and prevents excess urine formation,
and oxytocin which controls birth
contractions. The posterior lobe
releases a variety of hormones
including FSH (Follicle Stimulating
Hormone), LH (Luteinising Hormone),
prolactin (released when female is
suckled during lactation) and growth
hormones. It also produces other
hormones that control the adrenal
and thyroid glands.
The thyroid gland is located on the
front of the trachea in the neck just
below the Adam’s apple. It releases
the hormone thyroxine which controls
Fig.2 Goitre, due to underactive
thyroid
Beta cells
(secrete insulin)
Alpha cells
(secrete glucagon)
Fig.3 Islets of Langerhans
Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is too much sugar in the body. When
we eat foods rich in starch (such as bread, rice or potatoes), the starch is
broken down by the digestive system into glucose. Glucose is also found
in sugary foods. The glucose then travels in the blood stream and is used
as an energy source for cell functions or is stored in the liver as glycogen.
As glucose is produced naturally by the liver (from the breakdown of this
and
and
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es
and
Glands,
Glands,
Hormones
Hormones Diabetes
Diabetes
growth
development.
and development.
ThyroxinThyroxin
deficiency
deficauses
ciency causes
the gland
thetogland
swell,to swell,
The human
The human
body isbody
an extremely
is an extremely
complex
complex
group group
of organs
of organsgrowth and
Cells r
PancreasPancreas
in a goitre.
in a goitre.
and tissues,
and tissues,
far more
far complex
more complex
than the
thanmost
the advanced
most advancedresultingresulting
secretes secretes
more
more glucos
Sugar Sugar
blood
insulin and
insulin and
aircraft.aircraft.
However
However
just like
just
anlike
aircraft,
an aircraft,
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look atlook
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effect
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away
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For
information
sanofi
-aventis
in
Ireland
and
and is intended
and is intended
to be taken
to be
just
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exercise.
Diabetes can be detected by testing the sugar levels
or
globally,
visit
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Adam’s
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How
do Adam’s
medications
for diabetes
work?
thyroid thyroid
As glucose
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is produced
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naturallynaturally
by the liver
by the
(from
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(from
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the breakdown
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strains
bacteria.
of bacteria.
the hormone
the hormone
thyroxinethyroxine
which controls
which controls
The main function of medication for diabetes is to improve the use of insulin
by the body. In Type 2 diabetes oral medication can be used before insulin
therapy is required. Oral medications can be used to stimulate beta cells
to release insulin, increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin and slow the
breakdown and absorption of starches and sugars. These oral medications
can later be used in conjunction with insulin therapy.
There are two main types of insulin therapy; one is a slow steady secretion
of insulin, which is designed to imitate the natural secretion by the pancreas
that provides stable levels of insulin. These basal injections are long lasting
and are intended to suppress glucose production between meals. The
other type of insulin therapy—bolus injections—has a more rapid effect
and is intended to be taken just before a meal or a snack.
There are many types of insulin on the market. The types of insulin and their
production has progressed a lot in recent years and more modern insulins
(e.g. Lantus) are produced by recombinant DNA technology using different
strains of bacteria.
The discovery of insulin and of
its role in controlling sugar levels:
In the 1920’s two Canadian physiologists Charles Best and
Frederick Banting removed the pancreas from dogs giving them
instant diabetes. They then extracted substances from pancreas
of other dogs and injected them into the dogs without a pancreas.
They eventually found an extract that worked. In 1922 insulin was
being produced commercially and used to treat human diabetics
transforming their lives dramatically. In fact, it was a legacy
company of sanofi aventis that introduced the first commercial
insulin, Insulin Hoechst. Since then insulin therapy has advanced
rapidly and sanofi aventis has been involved in every stage of the
development including the use of genetic engineering methods;
these methods remove the risk of disease transmission.
and
and
Glands,
Glands,
Hormones
Hormones Diabetes
Diabetes
Glands, Hormones
growth
development.
and development.
ThyroxinThyroxin
deficiency
deficauses
ciency causes
the gland
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swell,to swell,
The human
The human
body isbody
an extremely
is an extremely
complex
complex
group group
of organs
of organsgrowth and
Cells r
PancreasPancreas
in a goitre.
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and tissues,
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far more
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more complex
than the
thanmost
the advanced
most advancedresultingresulting
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Sugar Sugar
blood
insulin and
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aircraft.aircraft.
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However
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gly
life,
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most frequently
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in middle-aged
women.women.
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The symptoms
include include
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loss
work inwork
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to survive
are to survive
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Normal Normal
of energy
of energy
and appetite,
and appetite,
weight weight
gain, inability
gain, inability
to keeptowarm,
keep mental
warm, mental blood glucose
blood
glucose
ordinated
ordinated
and controlled.
and controlled.
This is This
achieved
is achieved
by the interaction
by the interaction
of
of
dullness,dullness,
and dry,and
puffy
dry,
skin.
puffy
Its skin.
effects
Its can
effects
be reversed
can be reversed
by administering
by administering
level
level
Cells c
PancreasPancreas
two systems:
two systems:
the nervous
the nervous
systemsystem
and theand
endocrine
the endocrine
system.system.thyroxine.
glyco
thyroxine.
Iodine defi
Iodine
ciency
deficiency
can also
canlead
alsotolead
hypothyroidism.
to hypothyroidism.
Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes
less
less
Syllabus
Reference
Activities
gluc
The nervous
The nervous
systemsystem
makes makes
very rapid
verymeasurements,
rapid measurements,
changes
changesthyroxinethyroxine
deficiency
defiin
ciency
children—cretinism—can
in children—cretinism—can
lead to lead
dwarfi
tosm
dwarfi
andsm and level drops
insulin and
level drops insulin and
and r
more
glucagon
more
glucagon
neurological
impairment.
impairment.
into
and adjustments.
and adjustments.
The endocrine
The endocrine
system,system,
which which
consists
consists
of
ofneurological
Practical
Activities
Leaving
Certifi
cate
all hormone-secreting
all
hormone-secreting
glands
glands
in Biology
the body,
in the usually
body, usually
acts more
acts moreThe adrenal
The adrenal
glands, found
glands,onfound
top ofon
the
top
kidneys,
of the kidneys,
produceproduce
up to 50up
different
to 50 different
Fig.4 Contr
Fig.
hormones.
Two of Two
the more
of theimportant
more important
ones are
ones
hydrocortisone
are hydrocortisone
which which
slowly slowly
but with
butlonger
longer
lasting lasting
effects.
In this In
lesson
this
lesson
we willwe willhormones.
Unit
3.5.3
–with
Responses
in theeffects.
human
to
stimuli
Although
there
is
no
experiment
toIt is
showIt the
effects of hormones on
controls
controls
blood
pressure,
blood
pressure,
and
adrenalin,
and
adrenalin,
the
“fi
ght
the
or
“fi
fl
ight”
ght
or
hormone.
fl
ight”
hormone.
is
glycogen)
glycogen)
the
level
the
of
glucose
level
of
glucose
in
our
blood
in
our
nee
blo
look atlook
some
athormones
some hormones
that arethat
present
are present
in our bodies,
in our bodies,
and theand the
animals,
of blood
plant
growth
onisplants
is similar
to hormone
the
this hormone
this hormone
that causes
that causes
“butterfl
“butterfl
ies inthe
the
ieseffects
tummy”
in the tummy”
as
asis
blood
diverted
is regulators
divertedis accomplished
accomplished
by
the hormone
by the
insulin. insulin
effect on
effect
the on
body
theofbody
hormone
of hormone
deficiency.
deficiency.
away from
away
thefrom
intestines
the intestines
to the
limbs.
to theof
limbs.
effects
hormones on animals. The effects of plant growth regulators
If thereIf isthere
an excess
is an excess
of glucose
of glucose
in the b
in
and
highlight
the
effect
of growth hormones.
The term
The
gonads
term gonads
refers torefers
thecan
ovaries
to be
the studied
ovaries
in females
inextensively
females
and the and
testes
the
intestes
males.
in males.
hyperglycaemia—long
hyperglycaemia—long
term problems
term problems
with y
The testes
The produce
testes produce
testosterone,
testosterone,
which iswhich
responsible
is responsible
for secondary
for secondarykidneyskidneys
may occur.
may Aoccur.
common
A common
side effect
sideofeft
Practical
Activity
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
sexual characteristics
sexual characteristics
– facialMandatory
hair,
– facial
increased
hair, increased
muscle,
muscle,
broad shoulders
broad
shoulders
and
anddiabetesdiabetes
is hypoglycaemia,
is hypoglycaemia,
low glucose
low glucose
levels i
development
development
of the sex
of organs.
the sex organs.
by symptoms
by symptoms
including
including
lack of lack
concentra
of co
Pineal gland
Pineal gland
Investigation of the effect of IAA (Indole Acetic
Acid)
on
plant
tissue.
intoxication,
intoxication,
palpitations
palpitations
and dizziness.
and dizziness
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
In females
In females
the ovaries
the ovaries
produceproduce
oestrogen
oestrogen
(produced
(produced
by the by
Graafi
theanGraafian
Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland
follicle) follicle)
and progesterone
and progesterone
(produced
(produced
by the corpus
by the luteum).
corpus luteum).
Both these
Both these
There are
There
twoare
main
two
types
mainof
types
diabetes:
of diabete
hormones
hormones
are responsible
are responsible
for the for
development
the development
and maturing
and maturing
of the of the
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
– This occurs
– This when
occurs
the
when
bodythe
is
endometrium
(the
layer
inner
of the
layer
uterus).
of the uterus).
After completing this lesson the student will be
ableendometrium
to:(the inner
its own insulin.
its own Onset
insulin.generally
Onset generally
occurs at
occurs
a you
is primarily
treated primarily
with insulin
withinjections.
insulin injection
Insuli
AnotherAnother
major gland
major
ingland
the endocrine
in the endocrine
system is
system
the pancreas
is the pancreas
which plays
which
a plays ais treated
• Outline the function of hormones
injected
be injected
or inhaled
or inhaled
becausebecause
it is a prote
it i
dual roledual
as both
role an
as both
endocrine
an endocrine
and an exocrine
and an exocrine
gland. As
gland.
an exocrine
As an exocrine
gland glandmust bemust
destroyed
by digestive
by digestive
enzymes.
enzymes.
Healthy Health
eating
it produces
it produces
digestivedigestive
enzymes
enzymes
such assuch
amylase,
as amylase,
lipase and
lipase
trypsin
and which
trypsin whichdestroyed
• Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine systems
help to control
help to Type
control
1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes.
are released
are released
via the pancreatic
via the pancreatic
duct intoduct
the into
duodenum.
the duodenum.
Fig.1 Location
Fig.1 Location
of the major
of the
endocrine
major endocrine
glands glands
Learning Objectives
•
Name the main glands in the endocrine system and their function
•
Recognise the cause of Type 2 diabetes
Pancreas Pancreas
(Islets of Langerhans)
(Islets of Langerhans)
•
Ovary
(female)
Ovary (female)
Understand
the
role of diet
Type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes
– This accounts
– This accounts
for 90%for
of 90
all
The Islets
TheofIslets
Langerhans
of Langerhans
constitute
constitute
the endocrine
the endocrine
part of part
the gland,
of the gland,Type 2 diabetes
Ireland. Ireland.
Onset ofOnset
Type of
2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
typicallytypic
occ
producing
producing
several hormones,
several hormones,
of whichofthe
which
two most
the two
important
most important
are:
are:
There
genetic
are genetic
factors that
factors
confer
thatan
confer
increa
an
• Glucagon
• Glucagon
which encourages
which encourages
the conversion
the conversion
of glycogen
of glycogen
to glucose.
to glucose.
It
ItThere are
type of diabetes.
Other factors
Other include
factors include
being o
and exercise in preventing thereby thereby
raises the
raises
glucose
the glucose
level in the
levelblood,
in thepreventing
blood, preventing
it from falling
it from fallingtype of diabetes.
Testes (male)
Testes (male)
and excess
and consumption
excess consumption
of sugary
of and
sugary
fattyand
foo
too low. too
Glucagon
low. Glucagon
is secreted
is secreted
by alphaby
cells.
alpha cells.
Adrenal gland
Adrenal gland
There
two are
main
two
ways
main
in ways
whichinType
which
2 diab
Typ
Insulin
• which
Insulinlowers
which blood
lowerssugar
bloodlevels
sugarinlevels
the blood.
in the Itblood.
does Itthis
does
by this byThere are
body
notdoes
make
not
enough
make enough
insulin, or
insulin,
the insu
or
boostingboosting
the uptake
the of
uptake
glucose
of glucose
by cells,by
and
cells,
facilitates
and facilitates
its conversion
its conversionbody does
A hormone
A hormone
is a biochemical
is a biochemical
productproduct
that acts
thatasacts
a messenger.
as a messenger.
work properly.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
can be treated
can be
to glycogen
to glycogen
and fat. and
Insulin
fat.isInsulin
secreted
is secreted
by beta by
cells.
beta
Glucose
cells. Glucose
is storedis storedwork properly.
Hormones
Hormones
are produced
are produced
in smallinquantities
small quantities
by the endocrine
by the endocrine
glands. glands.
and, as and,
it is aasprogressive
it is a progressive
disease,dis
ta
as glycogen
as glycogen
as it is non-osmotic
as it is non-osmotic
and therefore
and therefore
preventsprevents
the cellsthe
from
cells fromexerciseexercise
An endocrine
An endocrine
gland isgland
a ductless
is a ductless
gland that
gland
releases
that releases
a hormone
a hormone
directly directly
may be may
required
be required
at a lateratstage.
a later There
stage.isThere
an u
filling with
filling
water
with
bywater
osmosis
by osmosis
and bursting.
and bursting.
Indicate
whether
the
following
are
true
(T)
or
false
(F)
by
into theinto
blood
the stream
blood stream
in whichin itwhich
travelsit around
travels around
the body
thetobody
exerttoa exert a
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
amongstamongst
young people
youngin
people
Irelan
Each of Each
theseof
hormones
these hormones
inhibits the
inhibits
other’s
therelease
other’s by
release
the pancreas.
by the pancreas.
specific specifi
effect cateffect
a particular
at a particular
target site.
target
Hormones
site. Hormones
are generally
are generally
classed classed
of diabetes
of diabetes
in the young
in the(MODY)
young (MODY)
is a result
is a
ofre
u
drawing a circle around T or F.
as peptides
as peptides
such assuch
insulin
asand
insulin
ADH
and
[anti-diuretic
ADH [anti-diuretic
hormone]
hormone]
or steroids
or steroids
exercise.exercise.
DiabetesDiabetes
can be detected
can be detected
by testing
by t
What
What
is
diabetes?
is
diabetes?
such as such
testosterone
as testosterone
or progesterone.
or progesterone.
the blood.
in the blood.
(a) There are two systems in the body that inwork
together,
the
WhatWhat
is a hormone?
is a hormone?
•
True or False
General Learning Points
•
A hormone is a biochemical product that acts as a messenger.
WhatWhat
are
the
arefunctions
the
functions
of each
of each
of the
ofglands?
the glands?
Secreted
by one
organ
in the
body,
the
hormone
travels through the
nervous system
and
theinto
endocrine
system.
Capillaries
Capillaries
into which
which
T F
How doHow
medications
do medications
for diabetes
for diabetes
work? w
main
The
function
main function
of medication
of medication
for diab
is t
Hormones are biochemicals that act asThe
messengers.
TforFdiabetes
by the body.
by the
Inbody.
Type 2Indiabetes
Type 2 diabetes
oral medication
oral med
therapy therapy
is required.
is required.
Oral medications
Oral
All glands work
independently
of each other.
T medications
F can be uc
Beta cells
Beta cells
(secrete insulin)
(secrete insulin)
to release
to release
insulin, insulin,
increaseincrease
the body’s
the sensitiv
body’s
breakdown
andall
absorption
and absorption
of starches
of starches
and suga
a
The pituitary gland is the master gland,breakdown
controlling
can latercan
be later
usedbe
in conjunction
used in conjunction
with insulin
withthe
ins
hormones hormones
are released
are released
The pituitary
The blood
pituitary
gland, stream
also
gland,
known
also
as
known
the
master
as theits
gland,
master
controls
gland,
controls
all the all
theof the body.
where
it exerts
effect
on another
part
(b)
other glands.
other glands.
It has two
It has
lobes;
two the
lobes;
anterior
the anterior
lobe which
lobereleases
which releases
ADH ADH
• prevents
Aexcess
glandurine
is an
organ
that secretes substances, producing an effect in
and prevents
and
excess
formation,
urine
formation,
(c)
and oxytocin
and another
oxytocin
which part
controls
whichofcontrols
birthbody.
birth
the
contractions.
contractions.
The posterior
The posterior
lobe
lobe
(d)
• a The
pituitary
gland
is the master gland as it controls all other glands.
releasesreleases
variety
a variety
of hormones
of hormones
other glands.
T F
Alpha cellsAlpha cells
including
including
FSH (Follicle
FSH (Follicle
Stimulating
Stimulating
There are
There
two main
are two
types
main
oftypes
insulinoftherapy;
insulin ther
one
•
The
pancreas
acts
as
both
an
endocrine
gland
and
an
exocrine
gland.
(secrete glucagon)
(secrete glucagon)
Hormone),
Hormone),
LH (Luteinising
LH (Luteinising
Hormone),
Hormone),
(e) The Islets of Langerhans are found in the
pituitary
gland.
T Ftothe
of insulin,
ofwhich
insulin,
iswhich
designed
is designed
to imitate
imitate
natura
th
prolactinprolactin
(released
(released
when
female
when
female
is
is
• Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot produce or regulate
that provides
that provides
stable levels
stable
oflevels
insulin.
of These
insulin.basa
The
suckledsuckled
during lactation)
during lactation)
and growth
and growth
Fig.3
Islets
Fig.3
ofIslets
Langerhans
of
Langerhans
(f)
Diabetes
mellitus
occurs
when
there
is
not
enough
sugar
and areand
intended
are intended
to suppress
to suppress
glucoseglucose
produc
properly.
hormones.
hormones.
Itinsulin
also Itproduces
also produces
other other
other type
other
of type
insulin
of therapy—bolus
insulin therapy—bolus
in
in the body.
T F injections
DiabetesDiabetes
mellitus mellitus
occurs when
occurs
there
when
is there
too much
is toosugar
muchinsugar
the body.
in theWhen
body. When
hormones
hormones
that control
that control
the adrenal
the adrenal
and is intended
and is intended
to be taken
to be
just
taken
before
justabefore
meal oa
• Hyperglycaemia occurs when there is a high level of glucose
we eat foods
we eatrich
foods
in starch
rich in(such
starchas(such
bread,
asrice
bread,
or potatoes),
rice or potatoes),
the starch
theisstarch is
and thyroid
andglands.
thyroid glands.
(g) Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of all cases of diabetes.
T F
in the blood.
broken down
brokenbydown
the digestive
by the digestive
system into
system
glucose.
into glucose.
GlucoseGlucose
is also found
is also foundThere are
There
many
are
types
many
oftypes
insulinofon
insulin
the market.
on the m
Th
The thyroid
The gland
thyroidisgland
located
is located
on the on the
in sugary
in foods.
sugaryThe
foods.
glucose
The (h)
glucose
thenGoitre
travels
thenis
intravels
the
blood
in thestream
blood
and
stream
is used
and
ishyperglycaemia.
usedproduction
production
has progressed
has progressed
a lot
recent
a lot inyears
recen
a
symptom
indicating
an
Tin F
•the Hypoglycaemia
occurs
when there is a low level of glucose
front of front
trachea
of the trachea
in the neck
in the
just
neck just
as an source
energy for
source
cell functions
for cell functions
or is stored
or isinstored
the liver
in the
as glycogen.
liver as glycogen.(e.g. Lantus)
(e.g. are
Lantus)
produced
are produced
by recombinant
by recombina
DNA
Fig.2 Goitre,
Fig.2 due
Goitre,
to underactive
due to underactive as an energy
below the
below
Adam’s
apple.
releases
It releases thyroid thyroid
in the
theAdam’s
blood.Itapple.
As glucose
As glucose
is produced
is produced
naturally
by the liver
by
the
(from
liverthe
(from
breakdown
the breakdown
of this
of this
of
strains
bacteria.
of bacteria.
(i) naturally
Insulin
is secreted
by
beta
cells
found
in strains
the Islets
of Langerhans.
T F
the hormone
the hormone
thyroxinethyroxine
which controls
which controls
•
Type 2 diabetes account for 90% of all cases of diabetes in Ireland.
•
In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in incidences of
mature onset of diabetes in the young (MODY). This is due to lack of
exercise and unbalance diets.
• Blood glucose levels are affected by hormones other than insulin.
Adrenaline and thyroxine both increase the use of glucose and
so lower its level, while cortisol and growth hormone both raise
glucose levels.
(j) Insulin can be produced using recombinant DNA technologies. T F
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in a goitre.
in a goitre.
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the advanced
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just like
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can develop
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less glucagon
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gly
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frequently
most frequently
in middle-aged
in middle-aged
women.women.
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The symptoms
include include
loss
loss
work inwork
harmony
in harmony
if we are
if we
to survive
are to survive
– the systems
– the systems
must be
must
co- be co-life, most
Normal Normal
of energy
of energy
and appetite,
and appetite,
weight weight
gain, inability
gain, inability
to keeptowarm,
keep mental
warm, mental blood glucose
blood
glucose
ordinated
ordinated
and controlled.
and controlled.
This is This
achieved
is achieved
by the interaction
by the interaction
of
of
dullness,dullness,
and dry,and
puffy
dry,
skin.
puffy
Its skin.
effects
Its can
effects
be reversed
can be reversed
by administering
by administering
level
level
Cells c
PancreasPancreas
two systems:
two systems:
the nervous
the nervous
systemsystem
and theand
endocrine
the endocrine
system.system.thyroxine.
glyco
thyroxine.
Iodine defi
Iodine
ciency
deficiency
can also
canlead
alsotolead
hypothyroidism.
to hypothyroidism.
Such Such Sugar Sugar secretes secretes
less
less
Examination
Questions
gluc
Biographical
The nervous
The nervous
systemsystem
makes makes
very rapid
verymeasurements,
rapid measurements,
changes
changesthyroxinethyroxine
deficiency
defiin
ciency
children—cretinism—can
in children—cretinism—can
lead Notes
to lead
dwarfi
tosm
dwarfi
andsm and level drops
insulin and
level drops insulin and
and r
more
glucagon
more
glucagon
neurological
impairment.
impairment.
into
and adjustments.
and adjustments.
The endocrine
The endocrine
system,system,
which which
consists
consists
of
ofneurological
2005
Leavingglands
Certifi
Sir
Frederick
Banting
all hormone-secreting
all hormone-secreting
glands
in cate
the body,
in Higher
the usually
body,Level
usually
acts more
acts moreThe adrenal
The adrenal
glands, found
glands,onfound
top of
on
the
top
kidneys,
of the kidneys,
produce
produce
up to 1891–1941
50up
different
to 50 different
Fig.4 Contr
Fig.
hormones.
hormones.
Two of Two
the more
of theimportant
more important
ones are
ones
hydrocortisone
are hydrocortisone
which which
slowly Where
slowly
but with
but
longer
with
longer
lasting
lasting
effects.
effects.
In
this
lesson
this of
lesson
we
we willmale?
is testosterone secreted in theIn
body
thewill
human
Born
in
Ontario,
Canada,
Banting
studied
medicine
atlevel
the
University
ofblood
controls
controls
blood
pressure,
blood
pressure,
and
adrenalin,
and
adrenalin,
the
“fi
ght
the
or
“fi
fl
ight”
ght
or
hormone.
fl
ight”
hormone.
It
is
It
is
glycogen)
glycogen)
the
the
of
glucose
level
of
glucose
in
our
in
our
nee
blo
look atlook
some
athormones
some hormones
that arethat
present
are present
in our bodies,
in our bodies,
and theand the
this hormone
this hormone
that causes
that causes
“butterfl
“butterfl
ies inHe
the
ies
tummy”
in the in
tummy”
asWorld
bloodasWar
isblood
diverted
is diverted
Toronto.
served
I with
the Canadian
ArmybyMedical
Corps,
is accomplished
is accomplished
the hormone
by the
hormone
insulin. insulin
Give
brief
account
of defi
theciency.
role
testosterone.
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(i) What is a hormone?
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work properly.
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such as such
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other glands.
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ins
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hormone;
pituitary
gland;
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There
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Hormone),
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LH (Luteinising
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mellitus mellitus
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much
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glucose.
into glucose.
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is also foundThere are
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many
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insulin
the market.
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progesterone;
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in sugary
in foods.
sugaryThe
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recen
front of front
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alpha
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hypoglycaemia;
beta
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as an source
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cell Insulin;
functions
for cell functions
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is stored
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by recombina
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Leonard
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beAs glucose
thyroid
thyroid
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is produced
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naturally
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by
the
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liverthe
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the breakdown
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of
strains
bacteria.
ofcoma;
bacteria. insulin
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hyperglycaemia;
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diabetic
the hormone
the hormone
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which controls
which controls
Did You Know?
administered with insulin—on the 11 January 1922. After showing
signs of improved health he lived for a further 13 years.
•
In 1985 The International Diabetes Federation estimated 30 million
cases of Type 2 diabetes worldwide. This number increased to 150
million in 2000 and is expected to rise to over 333 million in 2025.
•
Some migraines are related to hormonal fluctuations. Some women
get them before or during their menstrual periods.
•
Laughing lowers the levels of stress hormones. It also helps to
strengthen the immune system.
•
Salt is vital for balancing the sugar levels in the blood, a needed
suplement in the treatment in diabetes.
dependent diabetes; non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Check the Glossary of Terms for this
lesson on www.sta.ie