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Bellringer # 19
 You may have heard the concept that
in nature everything is connected.
What does this mean?
 Explain how an oak tree, a tick, a
gypsy moth, a deer, some acorns, and
some mice could all be connected.
The Organization of Life - Chapter Four
Objectives
 Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic
factors in an ecosystem.
 Describe how a population differs from a
species.
 Explain how habitats are important for
organisms.
Defining an Ecosystem
Ecosystems
- are communities of organisms and their abiotic
environment.
Ex. oak forest or a coral reef. Even a vacant lot.
1. do not have clear boundaries.
2. things move from one ecosystem to
another.
Ex. Pollen can blow in the wind.
Birds migrate from state to state.
3. In order to survive, ecosystems need
five basic components:
a. energy
b. mineral/nutrients
c. water
d. oxygen
e. living organisms.
4. If one part of the ecosystem is destroyed or
changes, the entire system will be affected.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic factors
- factors that are associated with or results from
the activities of living organisms which
includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and
the waste products of organisms.
Abiotic factors
- factors that are not associated with the activities
of living organisms which includes air, water,
rocks, and temperature.
Organisms
- living things that can carry out life processes
independently.
Can you think of any examples?
Species
- groups of organisms that are closely related can
mate to produce fertile offspring.
- Species do not all have to live in the same place.
- Look in your book at Figure 4 on page 101
Populations
-groups of organisms of the same species
that live in a specific geographical area and
interbreed.
-example:all the field mice in a corn field.
Important characteristic of a population:
its members usually breed with one another
rather than with members of other
populations
Look in your book at Figure 5 on page 101
Communities
- groups of various species that live in the same
habitat and interact with each other.
1. Every population is part of a community.
2. plants determine what other organisms can
live in a community.
Habitats
- places where an organism usually lives.
1. Every habitat has specific characteristics that the
organisms that live there need to survive. If any of
these factors change, the habitat changes.
2. animals and plants usually cannot survive for long
periods of time away from their natural habitat.
Homework
 Define ONLY the vocab words for Ch.4
Section 1. page 99. (8 words)
 Section 1. Review page 102 questions 1-6.
 You do not have the write the question.
 Write in complete sentences.
 Remember to answer all parts of the
question/questions.
Bellringer # 20
 Look at figure 7 on page 103.
 Write down all of the characteristics that
would help the chameleon when it hunts.
 Compare your thoughts to the information in
paragraph one on page 103.
Ch.4 S.2 Evolution
Objectives
 Explain the process of evolution by natural
selection.
 Explain the concept of adaptation.
 Describe the steps by which a population of
insects becomes resistant to pesticide.
Natural selection
- the process by which individuals that have favorable
variations and are better adapted to their
environment survive and reproduce more
successfully than less well adapted individuals do.
1. Darwin proposed that over many
generations, natural selection causes the
characteristics of populations to change.
Evolution
- a change in the characteristics of a population from
one generation to the next.
Nature Selects
 Darwin thought that nature selects for certain
traits, such as sharper claws, because
organisms with these traits are more likely to
survive.
 Over time, the population includes a greater
and greater proportion of organisms with the
beneficial trait.
 As the populations of a given species change,
so does the species.
Nature Selects
Adaptation
-the process of becoming adapted to an
environment.
-It is an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral
change that improves a population’s ability to
survive.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX8VQIJVpTg
Coevolution
-The process of two species evolving in
response to long-term interactions with
each other.
Example:
the Hawaiian honeycreeper, which has a long,
curved beak to reach nectar at the base of a
flower. The flower has structures that ensure that
the bird gets some pollen on its head.
Coevolution
 The honeycreeper’s adaptation is a long,
curved beak.
 The plant has two adaptations:
 The first is the sweet nectar, which attracts the
birds.
 The second is the flower structure that forces
pollen onto the bird’s head when the bird sips
nectar.
Artificial selection
- the selective breeding of organisms, by humans,
for specific desirable characteristics.
examples:
dogs
fruit
grain
vegetables
Resistance
- the ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or
disease-causing agent.
Example: Pesticide Resistance
Homework
 Define the Ch.4 S.2 Vocab words on
page103
 5 words
 Section 2 Review questions pg.107 #1-4
 You do not have the write the question.
 Write in complete sentences.
 Remember to answer all parts of the
question/questions.
Bellringer #22
 Read Darwin’s Finches on pages 104-105
 Answer question 1 in your journal
Bellringer #21
 How would a scientist classify you?
 Look at Table 2 on page 108 and write
down what kingdom you belong to.
Sec. 3: The Diversity of Living Things
 Name the six kingdoms of organisms and
identify two characteristics of each.
 Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi
in the environment.
 Describe the importance of protists in the
ocean environment.
 Describe how angiosperms and animals
depend on each other.
 Explain why insects are such successful
animals.
The Kingdoms of Life
Bacteria
- extremely small, single-celled organisms that
usually have a cell wall and reproduce by cell
division.
1.bacteria lack nuclei
2.Two main kinds of bacteria:
archaebacteria and eubacteria
3. Bacteria live in every habitat on Earth.
Bacteria and the Environment
 Bacteria also allow many organisms, including
humans, to extract certain nutrients from their food.
 The bacterium, Escherichia coli or E. coli, is found
in the intestines of humans and other animals and
helps digest food and release vitamins that humans
need.
Fungus
- an organism whose cells have nuclei, rigid cell
walls, and no chlorophyll and that belongs to the
kingdom Fungi.
1. Cell walls act like mini-skeletons that allow
fungi to stand up right.
Ex. Mushroom, yeast, athlete’s foot, jock itch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_NWasdD3i0
Fungus
2. Fungi get their food by releasing chemicals that
help break down organic matter, and then absorbing
the nutrients.
3. Like bacteria, fungi play an important role in
breaking down the bodies of dead organisms.
4. Some fungi, like some bacteria, cause disease.
5. Other fungi add flavor to food as in blue
cheese. The fungus gives the cheese both its
blue color and strong flavor.
Protists
- diverse organisms that belong to the kingdom
Protista.
- Most protists are one-celled microscopic
organisms
Examples:
a. amoebas, are animallike
b. kelp, are plantlike
c. some resemble fungi
d. diatoms, which float on the ocean surface,
e. Plasmodium, is the one-celled organism that
causes the disease malaria.
Protists
f. Algae
- plantlike protists that can make their own food
using the energy from the sun.
- They range in size from the giant kelp to the
one-celled phytoplankton
Plants
- many-celled organisms that make their own
food using the sun’s energy and have cell
walls.
a. Leaves and roots are connected by
vascular tissue, which has thick cell
walls and serves as a system of tubes
that carries water and food.
Lower Plants
 The first land plants had no vascular tissue,
and swimming sperm. They therefore had to
live in damp places and couldn’t grow very
large.
ex. mosses

a. Ferns and club mosses were the first
vascular plants, with some of the ferns
being as large as small trees.
Gymnosperms
- woody vascular see plants whose seeds are not
enclosed by an ovary or fruit.
Examples:
Conifers and Ginkos
 Much or our lumber and paper comes form
gymnosperms.
Angiosperms
- flowering plants that produce seeds within fruit.
1. Most land animals are dependent on
flowering plants.
2. Most of the food we eat, such as wheat,
rice, beans, oranges, and lettuce comes
from flowering plants.
3. Building materials and fibers, such as oak
and cotton, also come from flowering
plants.
Animals
1. Animals cannot make their own food.
2. Animal cells also have no cell walls.
Vertebrates vs.
Backbone present
Mobile organisms
May be carnivore,
omnivore, herbivore,
or scavengers.
Invertebrates
No backbone present
Many are sessile filter feeders
Others are mobile carnivores
Many have a protective exoskeleton
Homework
 Section 3 Review questions 1-6 page 113
 Vocab Section 3 page 108 (8 words)
BR #23
 1. Give two examples of organisms that have
coevolved.
 2. Why did the Galopogos finches studied by
the Grants evolve so rapidly?
 BR #24
 Open your book to
page 122. Read
Butterfly Ecologist
and answer the
questions in your
journal.
 When you are
done, work on the
CH.5 Vocab all 17
words on page 142
Open your books to page
118 and follow along as
we go through the ACT
test prep questions.