Download THE ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONES IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL

THE ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONES
Colin G. Scanes
IN THE DOMESTIC
FOWL
and Samuel J. Bowen
Department of Animal Sciences
Rutgers - The State University
New Brunswick, NJ 08903
Send all correspondence
to:
Dr. C. G. Scanes
Department of Animal Sciences
Cook College
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ 08903
i
42
The phenomenon
and
intricate
and
environment
physiological
of growth
control.
of
The systems
the
factors.
animals
on the hormonal
attention
to poultry.
expression
into
appears
of
those of
to
control
be
involved
review
of growth
a whole
panapy
growth.
These
hormones
presumed
major
importance
less importance.
The major
(A) Growth Hormone
(B) Thyroxine
and other
together
The present
knowledge
There
in domestic
hormones
animals
include
the
with
endocrine
will
summarize
in meat
genetics,
and
other
with
nutrition
intrinsic
for
(somewhat
and those which
state
of
particularly
required
can be assigned
complex
the present
species,
of hormones
affecting
is under
the
full
arbitrarily)
are essential
but of
growth are:
(GH)
(T4)/Triiodothyronine
(T3)
(C) Somatomedlns
(D) Steroids
while
(Androgens,
those of perhaps
(a) Specific
Growth
less
growth
Factor,
Estrogens
and Glucocorticoids)
importanc e include:
factors
(e.g. Epidermal
Growth
Factor,
EGF, Nerve
NGF)
(b) Insulin
(c) Prolactin
(d) Vitamin
D metabolites
Due to obvious
restrictions
in space
consideration
will be
limited
to GH,
T4/T 3 and somatomedins.
GROWTH
Growth
located
trophs
in
are
hormone
(GH)
the anterior
further
is
produced
pituitary
separated
HORMONE
by
gland.
spacially
43
somatotrophs
(acidophilic
In the domestic
being
situated
fowl,
only
in
the
the
cells)
somatocaudal
portion
of the anterior
GH is relatively
protein
a single
is released
lation
by hypothalamic
I
from
secretory
on growth and intermediary
Hypothalamic
Control
peptide
releasing
hypothalamic
bodies
in
modified
to
specific
released
releasing
statin
two
factor
(SRIF)
portal
pituitary
peptidergic
a peptidergic
chickens,
TRH
modified
in
been
vivo
tripeptide,
domestic
fowl
Recently,
polypeptides
after
to exert
blood
of
stimu-
specific
with
down
the
eminence.
for
hormone
inhibiting
cell
axon
to
In response
the
factors
rapid
in
vitro
has
been
even
be
very
(Harvey
found
to
supporting
GRF activity
44
vary
were
a
GH;
and
which
importance
between
are
direct
are
in
et
ai.,1978).
be
present
SomatoGH
of the three
In young
stimulating
Furthermore,
in hypothalami
physiological
GH-
inhibits
species.
effective
isolated
these
(TRH). While
factor
as to the relative
to
1979)
The
in neurosecretory
allowing
factors
releasing
established
(Jackson,
neurotransmitters.
stimulation),
vessels
is controlled
gland.
may
TRH,
of GH
transported
nervous
importance
and
by
in the median
release
Their
relative
are
releasing
factors.
has
190
structure
stream
the secretion
synthesized
factors
direct
there is still controversy
both
are
(GRF), and thyrotropin
is
the tertiary
the blood
directly
terminals
release,
release
also
The
the hypophyseal
are
GH is a
(approximately
The GH then acts
hormones,
factors
(including
to the anterior
There
examined,
of
metabolism.
and
(neurosecretory)
stimuli
into
transport
factors
hypothalamus.
nerve
into
chemistry
of GH Secretion
hypophysiotropic
the
residues
that maintain
factors.
1979). The
and mammals
amino-acid
granules
As with all adenohypophyseal
by
of
bridges
releasing
(Joza et al.,
In all birds
chain
and 2 disulfide
GH. GH
effects
gland
well established.
containing
amino-acids)
pituitary
role
for
and characterized
GH
the
from
TRH.
from
human
pancreatic
independently
tumor
and
rat,
pig,
by the laboratories
availability
of
the response
of chickens
observed
be
to
these
of Roger
mammalian
GRF
and other
stimulated
human,
and
Guillermln
preparations
birds
to GRF.
and
in vitro
in vivo
ovine
hypothalamic
and of Wylie
has
enabled
Indeed
sources
Vale.
The
examination
GH secretion
by mammalian
GRF
of
has been
(Scanes
et
i
al.,
1984a)).
This
The observation
synergistic
control
of
GH
is
circumstancial
that the effects
(i.e. with
system.
release
There
evidence
than additive
is also
evidence
fowl.
Not
1982; Mikami
et al.,
synthetic
mammalian
The
either
(Harvey
ability
poultry
of
or
et al.,
TRH
to
other
domestic
of GH in young
not
in
effective
1981;
Decuypere
secretion
conscious
and
in cattle
1977; Klindt
et al.,
In addition
evidence
In the domestic
1978)
SRIF
effect
present
in
1982; DiScala-Guenot
the GH response
is
not
or
in
TRH
adult
embryonic
Furthermore
it is
uniformly
For instance
to TRH
observed
elevates
male
chicks
although
ineffective
peptidergic
of
fowl, epinephrine
et al.,
from
the neurosecretory
(Rabii
release
and anesthetized
1983).
three
involvement
(Buonomo
release
interesting
an inhibitory
and Yamada,
are
TRH
in sheep
plasma
birds
(Scanes
in
but is
et al.,
stimulates
(Davis
GH
et al.,
1979).
role
GH
exist.
secretion
an
is endogenous
SRIF reduces
animals.
roosters
(Johke,
to the
for the
GH
chicks
Scanes,
suggests
may
1978).
evoke
concentrations
GRF
GRF on GH
effects)
only
(Blahser,
administration
avian
that SRIF exerts
the avian hypothalamus
1984) but also
an
of TRH and mammalian
greater
in the domestic
that
1984)
specific
presumably
1981).
by
45
exerts
affecting
In addition
It
factors,
neurotransmitters
norepinephrine
terminals.
et al.,
releasing
is probable
in
GH
is strong
secretion.
a stimulatory
GRF/TRH
serotonin
that
there
or
appears
central
SRIF
release
to
inhibit
neurotransmitters
may
effect
GH release
of the pituitary
both
at the level
of the hypothalamus
and by direct
action
cells.
II Role of GH
It would
be
growth
promotion.
humans
but
is
availability
growth
In
GH
it
cost,
efficiency
for
evidence
farm
sheep
there
In
mammals,
been
the
plasma
the major
case
of
species?
been
the
few
growth
have
been
selected
rate
(e.g.
attempts
for growth.
relationship
or no
studies
of
the
fowl
stimulate
to improve
related
to growth
in chicks
selection
that
et al.,
examine
the
growth
of
individual
has affected
plasma
porcine
and
of
also
hormone
of
GH
limited
on
and
Scanes et al,
GH
to pigs
and
to
improve
the
rate of any farm species
In
between
growth
are
cell sensitivity
poor
there
and GH
several
the
in dramatic
It might
studies
(B) the plasma
levels
mice,
concentrations
can be used to advance
in chicks,
is
(reviewed
growth
of
effect
there
of
GH.
1983).
correlative
relationship
This evidence
probably
problems
for growth
concentrations
In these
1982).
and
is that
(Machlin,1972).
Palmiter
to
GH
to
genes for rat or human GH to the genome have resulted
the
of
rodents
administration
to
role
Due
domestic
found
no attempts
for high
the
farm
have
of feed conversions
selection
that
that GH is required
has
There have been
assume
the
animals.
the
to
to
is certainly
true
meat
circumstantial
ovine
This
and
in
1984b).
reasonable
be
addition
of
increases
on
noted
of
GH
that
in
was either
(e.g.
Burke
arguments:
by
there
chickens
a negative
and Marks,
(A) GH is not
concentration
of GH is so variable
predictors
performance
to GH.
These
of
authors
and
(C)
tend to believe
the second position.
The action
of GH
in rodents
this latter via increasing
is to stimulate
cartilage
46
growth.
growth
Assuming
of muscles
and bone,
as is likely,
a similar
role
in farm
via
species,
intermediary
tomedins
on
it may
hormones
cartilage
be
(the
and
questioned
whether
somatomedins).
hence
bone
GH
GH
growth.
is acting
appears
The
directly
to! act
actions
of
via
GH
or
soma-
on
muscle
i
growth
may
involve
both
direct
effects
on
amino-acid
uptake
and
protein
!
synthesis
and indirect
Not only
metabolism
decrease
does
to
GH
1977).
"demand"
for
In
via somatomedins
result
decrease
lipogenesis
e__tal.,
effects
in somatic
carcass
(Harvey
addition
nutrients
GH may
by
exclusively
affecting
lipogenesis
and lipolysis).
the
"supply"
modified
tropin
thyroi d
amino-acids.
or
releases
hormones,
thyroid
T4 into
the liver and various
of
the
Figure
will
thyroid
I).
exclude
hormone,
However
consider
natal chicks.
is
growth.
1973) and
(this
Furthermore,
that
GH
and
bone
acts
lipolysis
utilization I by
and other
and
of
tissue
to
(Harvey
increasing
rather
metabolites
a distinct
between
when
thyroid
than
(through
of
role
thyroid
(T3)
hormone,
T4/T 3
per
to be an active
ii
beingi!summarized
and
and
to T3 at
s__ee.The present
hormones
are
thyro-
synthesizes
then monodeiodinated
!
T3 appears
growth
form
in
review
and will
of T4 and T 3.
thyroid
function
administration
is particularly
replacement
47
the
T4 is
sites.
triiodothyr0nine
the pituitary
(TSH),
physiology
goitrogen
this
(T4)
The
peripheral
reduced
For instance,
increase
nutrient
influence
of the physiology
severely
and to
intermediary
HORMONES
stream.
have
affec£s
evidence
muscle
hormone
the relationship
(King and King,
skeletal
the
T4,
T4 may
other aspects
Growth
other
affect
cell proliferation.
is
for fatty acids
stimulating
the blood
1977)
thyroxine
Under
it also
There
growing
THYROID
The
growth,
lipid.
et al.,
including
is disrupted
reduces
apparent
therapy
with
growth
for both
T4
in postin chicks
muscle
leads
to
and
full
recovery
of
all
administration
but
only
David
for
of
it
it
the
is
chicks.
with
et al.,
Further
evidence
be enhanced
be
normal
that
is
also
if
chicks
and
its
the major
2). Thus
Plasma
within
growth
of
it might
rates
of
T3
in
the
1980).
hormone
This
GH
i
be
growth.
Evidence
dwarf
also
of GH and T4,
of
(Figure
ppm
rate can
4). It
restored
due
is diphasic
to
by
T3
T 3 are
2-4).
reduced
post-natal
plasma
activity.
see Figure
been
(dw)
an isolated
that growth
secretion.
For
growth
in
T3
increasing
It,
therefore,
growth
is T3 and
(or bell-shaped)
concentrations
range,
of T3 are low in the embryo
(e.g. Decuypere
and Scanes,
monodeiodinase
prior
possible
growth
or
concentrations
may
affecting
that
growth
suggests
not
at
T3 and growth
speculated
affecting
elevated
diet
endogenous
of
liver monodeiodinase
plasma
abhorrantly
studies
concentration
1984b;
to some,
of T3 can
growth.
concentrations
hatching.
chicks
have
if
leads
sex-linked
is the observation
due to the lack of peripheral
embryonic
dwarf
is
between
be
with
Similarly
these
stimulate
circulating
reduced
(May,
In
directly
studies
1973).
chicks
1969)
to
T3
thyroid
for optimum
the normal
to
is
(Marsh et al.,
reducing
the dose-relationshlp
be adjusted
T4
of sex-linked
growth
type
rate
that
(Figure
series
or elevated
administration
broiler
appears
a
King,
(King,
to T3 in order
normal
only
but
the
growth
to whether
profile
normal
and
hypophysectomized
of this T3 deficiency
Not
metabolic
that
from
(King
1983) this being due to reduced
noted
optimum
instance
as
of
by T3 administration
treatment.
below
growing
converted
comes
(Scanes
might
unclear
An endocrine
T3 deficiency
growth
restoration
is first
latter
of
T4 to slow
a partial
King
whether
aspects
It
is
and development.
48
that
which
T4
while
those
1983). This
is obviously
does not develop
exerts
distinct
of T 4 are
until
effects
just
on
Considerable
function
that
attention
in avian
had
a
has
species.
high
been
Cole
incidence
of
given
to
genetic
(1966) developed
autoimmune
variation
an obese
in
strain
thyroiditis.
thyroid
of leghorns
Chickens
with
this
has
been
i
disease
have
reported
been
extensively
that specifically
and Pethes
(1974)
to TSH while
response
study
studied
reported
Naked Neck
to TSH.
indicates
regulates
that Bantams
(1981)
a model.
thyroid
carried
catalogued
it is not
found
One
function
carried
Translavanians
Somes
that
as
single
in avian
a dominant
TSH
in diverse
gene
species.
gene
a recessive
the
gene
gene
but
Fodor
for response
for a blunted
lack
of
fowl populations.
further
Two
other
i
i
single
genes exist
that involve
chickens
homozygous
for the
atrophy"
attributed
to overwork
higher
gene
metabolism
(Hutt,
hypothyroidism
elevated
for
for
that
function
even
described
by
reported
Line
Marks
body
1968;
the
Rajaratnam
et al.,
Marks,
1973).
for
et
al
to maintain
body
temperature
•,
Also,
T4
to
lower
(1969),
et
sex-linked
al.
in
Stewart
effects
For
effects
(1983)
i
'
triiodothyronine
defect
T3.
state.
the
its dwarfing
genetic
in thyroid
function
They
that
had
an "exhaustive
a trend
and
through
reported
(T3) levels
Washburn
autosomal
toward
dwarf
the monodeiodinase
on metabolism
the
by
lower
via
dwarfing
(1982)
thyroid
genes
levels
was
by Howarth
and
T4
1983).
found
18 generations
1971)
a
In
show
Scanes
gene manifested
in the heterozygotic
differences
weight
suggested
with
manner.
the thyroids
1935).
1975).
coupled
of
in a less direct
to manifest
Brown,
conversion
the dwarfing
(Scanes
(1972,
and
gene,
Aberle,
suggested
and
function
in the effort
and
(T4) levels
homozygotes
responsible
suggested
(Grandhi
thyroxine
dwarf
frizzling
(Landauer
1959) has been
thyroid
Japanese
on 0.2%
hyperplastic
49
in birds
dietary
thyroid
was studied
quail
selected
thiouracil
glands
when
for
four-week
(Marks and Lepore,
comPared
i
to
quail
selected
the
on a goitrogen
goitrogenic
histological
selected
free diet or non-selected
response
to
examination
on
the
of
the
thiouracil
and Washburn
status
lines
suggest
these
that
chickens
to the non-selected
estimated
were
hormones
The
in
indicate
Studies
1311
lines
May
and
Bowen
in
while
and
had
of Burke
differences
of
studies
uptake
that
are hypothyroid
hormones
heritable
by
studies
Randombreds.
thyroid
studies
act
in
and Hansson,
(1984)
found
that
in
been
and Marks
in thyroid
Marks
(1983)
when
compared
and Washburn
(1984 b)
six-week
old
chickens.
T3 concentrations
were
T4
essen-
when
(.ippm
T3)
enhanced
cockerels
(Figure
4).
Injections
shank
length
suppression
(Figure
of growth
sex-linked
treatment
body
dwarfs
(Figure
3,4).
When
in sex-linked
growth
hormone
(200
promotion
T3
(.Ippm)
in
growth
dwarfs
_g/kg)
while
on
growth
of
was
body
in
by
T3
and
cGH
study
there
body
interaction.
50
to
(native)
were
was
effects
weight
neither
nor
thyroid
et
1966).
white
al.,
Bowen
Leghorn
(Figure
3).
dwarf
white
Leghorn
growth
hormone
affect
body
administered
overcome
The
weight
together
(Figure
of T3 was enhanced
(Marsh et al.,
was
normal
chicken
did not
cockerels
promoting
fed
and
(Simpson,
and Asling,
weight
itself
hormone
growth
sex-linked
of purified
by T3 in normal
the growth
that
and Riekstniece
given
4). In another
growth
the
suppression
weight)
Hormones
suggest
1973;
treatment
I00 _g/kg
a
rat
there
(cGH,
was
and Thyroid
the
synergistically
Thorngren
al.,
Hormone
cockerels
the
diet.
for body weight
moderately
of Growth
Several
et
reduced
quail.
Canadian
for
was
In these
not heritable.
Interactions
1950;
Japanese
Athens
measured
(1984 a) further
selected
heritabilities
concentrations
tially
of
as
thyroid
containing
(1982) and Bowen
in
thiouracil
controls.
3).
same
or
the
In
by cGH
1984 a ), T4 stimulated
a main
a
bGH
effect
of bovine
by
treatment
T4
There
are at
least
three
interact
(see Figure
I). One
evidence
that thyroid
status
GH
(Harvey,
1982;
discussed
release
adult
earlier,
in young
chickens
thyroidecScanes,
level
Chiasson
levels
at
is at the
which
_evel
is reciprocally
et
al.,
GH and
of the pituitary
related
1979;
Scanes,
et
that
tomized
are
(Scanes
1981)
The
by
somatomedln
GH
Harvey
and
Scanes,
release
from
secretion
of
Also,
1981)
dwarfs
interaction
may
the liver.
as
hormone
and
unpublished
or are sex-linked
thyroid
is
growth
et al.,
can
there
1976).
mediates
1981;
(Harvey
et al.,
data).
of GH mediated
al.,
anesthetized
(Harvey
unpublished
et
al,
system
since
to pituitary
thyrotropin-releasing-hormone
chickens
the thyroid
in
data),
(Harvey
occur
at
and
the
In the rat thyroid
I
hormones
have been
shown to be necessary
for normal
production
of somatomedins
i
(Burnstein,
with
et
al.,
1979).
Finally,
the
interaction
GH may be at the level of the growing
cell.
of
the
The first
thyroid
system
two possibilities
i
appears
there
unlikely
was
no
in view of the
increase
of
study
either
GH
of Bowen
or
et al.,
somatomedin
C
(1984).
in
In this
chickens
study
following
treatment.
Genotype
by Environment/Hormone
When
genetic
complications
of various
components.
by environment
One
Interaction
traits
can arise in partitioning
and environmental
of genotype
analysis
Treatment
in a population
the variance
of
these
interactions.
components
complications
These
is made
into
several
genotypic
is the possibility
interactions
have
been
dlffi-
i
cult
to show, especially
a component
detail
of
in poultry,
the phenotypic
with which
a genotype
and consequently
variance.
Falconer
by environment
are usually
(1981)
interaction
neglected
suggested
that
can be studied
as
the
is re-
i
lated
to the specificity
In studies
physiological
of genotype
of the environment
by environment
differences
between
interactions,
their
51
in which
genotypes
indlviduais
using
animals
is better
are
reared.
in which
understood
the
should
direct
in
the investigator
his
experimental
definite
genotype
thyroid
defi-
in deciding
what
environment.
by
clent
Based
environment
genotypes
specific
on
manipulation
this
interactions
in environments
in
with
should
premise,
we
chickens
from
or without
be made
are
showing
normal
dietary
or
thyroid
hormones.
Bowen et al.,
T 3
(O.Ippm)
3,4).
In
second
was
improved
these
environment
(1984)
experiments
(Denver,
expressed
as
broiler-type
stocks
than
in the first
study.
both
genotypes
but
observations
are
deficient.
replacement
agriculture
researchers
interactions.
environments
of
More
in
In
these
The higher
a
lesser
Scanes
are
specific
such
from
both
more
favorably
(ippm)
suppression
studies
sex-linked
genotypes
dose
dwarf
that
In a
of dietary
at a higher
growth
by
interaction
and normal
sex-linked
responded
(Figures
of variance.
the
(1983)
broilers.
supported
dwarf
to
in
the
the
chickens
hormone
chickens.
studies.
swamped
definition
studies
the dwarf
dietary
genotype
in the magnitude
by environment
genetic
they
in
the
by environment
of T3 caused
in chickens
they
design,
T3 was given
dose
diet,
cockerels
by analysis
studies,
degree
than normal
in
factorial
genotypes
et al.,
Leghorn
genotype
and the dietary
be that genotype
because
the
to a control
dwarf
significant
between
Therefore,
and
in a
1984)
hormones
environment
It may well
in
to
thyroid
earlier
T3
al.,
effect.
were
of
conducted
was highly
et
compared
in sex-linked
a difference
triiodothyronine's
Measurement
that when
growth
interaction
study
found
may
interactions
They
by
may
not
non-definable
and
uncover
control
many
of
are commonplace
be
observed
main
the
genotype
by
effects
and
genotypes
and
by
environment
interactions.
SOMATOMEDINS
There are two somatomedins:
- insulin-like
52
growth
factor
(IGF) I and II.
These
are
liver
polypeptides
(and
probably
combination
to Somatomedin
homologous
activity
to
7600)
organs)
and
carrier
protein(s).
C (thus
which
are
transported
in
The
synthesized
the
blood
concensus
A
and
rat
by
the
stream
in
is that
IGF I/SmC may be appropriate)
Somatomedln
to
have
the
received
lack
radioi_munoassay
chickens
human
weight
IGF I
while
multiplication
IGF II
stimulating
(MSA).
Somatomedins
largely
other
with _a specific
is identical
is
(molecular
has
(Huybrechts
of
scant
assay
been
systems.
validated
et al.,
attention
Recently
for
1984).
in
sheep
domestic
animals
human
Somatomedin
a
(Underwood
Circulating
et
al.,
concentrations
1982)
due
C
and
of Somatomedin
i
C
increases
in
(approximating
trations
linked
of
Somatomedin
and
of the physiology
somatomedins
of the physiology
even
programs
C
that
and/or
in
(assuming
six
and
GH levels also).
following
protein
deficient
twelve
Moreover,
chicks
(see
The availability
should
rapid
facilitate
release
II
selection
for
high
be
IGF
progress
of
and
in
Figure
of_assay
in other
circulating
incorporated
I
and/or
IGF
II
5
poultry
results
sexfor
systems
knowledge
II.
concentrations
into
age
ilplasma concen-
and in the role of IGF I and
for
could
weeks
hypophysectomy,
of somatomedins).
selection
IGF
between
reduced
of somatomedin
possible
Somatomedin
a maximum
C are
chickens,
and purified
is
to
the time for maximum
dwarf
summary
chickens
It
of
breeding
in
growth
enhancement).
Conclusions
Attention
has been given to the roles
and somatomedins
made
to
hormones.
in the regulation
pharmacologically
These
attempts
of growth
elevate
have
of growth hormone,
been
53
in chickens.
circulating
through
thyroid
Attempts
concentratlons
!l
treatment
of
animals
hormone,
have been
of
with
these
the
hormone
itself
hormone.
being
or
treated.
drugs.
transfer
of
More
or some
should
Genotypes
may
techniques
requirements
availability
or
attention
Manipulation
hormone
hormone
of
may prove
drug
be
directed
respond
hormone
Genetic
for
clearance.
to
differently
function
more practical
function.
drug
to bring
by
of the technology.
54
the
release
genetics
to treatments
classical
of
of
would
would
also
the growth
the
with
genetic
than pharmacological
manipulation
It
about
avoid
improve
animal
hormones
or
gene
manipulation
governmental
widespread
FIGURE
1
A diagramatic
secretion
representation
of the control
and the role of the thyroid
55
of thyroid
hormones
hormone
in growth.
Figure 1
THYROID HORMONES-THEIR
CONTROL AND ROLE
IN GROWTH
56
FIGURE
2
Diagrammatic
representation
concentration
Body weight
and growth
and plasma
of the relationship
(body weight)
of that in the controls
treated).
Plasma
X.
dwarfs
A,
and following
1980
where
@
concentrations
_,
compared
@
Marsh
T4 was administered
1984 b
control
m"
or dwarf chicks
administered
of T3 were
to control
and Bowen
or dwarf
57
Data
e__tt
a__l.,1984 b
where
or dwarf
et al.,
as a
in sex linked
_,@,@,
calculated
from May,
_
chicks;
T3 was administered
chicks.
T3
non-T 3 or T4
changed
to non-dwarfs
to control
@
are expressed
(i.e. nondwarfs,
T4 or T 3 administration.
plasma
in chicks.
T3 concentrations
percentage
between
Marsh
et al
to
1984 wherei T3 was also
58
FIGURE
3
The effect
of dietary
T3 (.01 ppm),
chicken
or both T3 and chicken
GH on body weight
Cornell
Leghorns.
K strain white
59
GH
(I00 _g/kg/day)
at 5 weekslof
age in
Figure
3
,, Body WT. at ._week#
400
l"]
CONTROL
E_T,
[]
GH
•
GH + Tll
380
l'_z
_
",IP° ° ° °oo°° °o.
(g)
_ii
':':':-:-:':-:-1
:..............
,
340
,°°°°°°°°°°°o°°,
,_
,_\\\\'_
bbb,\,
\\\\\_
.o
,....:...:...:.:
::::::::::::::':
......
....,
iiiiiiiiiii
i_
i:i:i:i:i:i.'.::i:
".::'::.':.':::':
,\\\\\\
.....
,\\\_:
_:_:
i!iiiiiiiiiii!ii
..............,
-.-.-.-.:.:.-.-,
.-.-.-.....-.-.,
300
.....
c,.\\\\\\\\_
K
60
FIGURE
4
The effect of dietary
both T 3 and chicken
linked dwarf white
T 3 (.01 ppm),
chicken
GH on body weight
Leghorn
61
males.
GH (i00 _g/kg/day),
at 5 weeks
of age in sex-
or
i
Figure
4
320 Body WT ot 5weeks
CONTROL
300
I_ T_
[]
6H
EE GH+T
I
62
FIGURE
5
A diagrammatic
production
representation
of the control
and the role of somatomedins
63
of somatomedin
in growth.
lUJ
-l-
IP
Z
0_06
i
,
' -.j
"I
-
_l
64
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68
THE ROLE OF GROWTH
HORMONES
Questions
i.
IN THE DOMESTIC
FOWL
and Answers
Ruth Shuman
You have established
a clear
planned or in progress
i.e., in cell or organ
trend with
involving
culture?
in vivo
the examination
studies,
do you have
of these
hormones
studies
in vitro
C.G. Scanes
We are examining effects of releasing
in primary culture and of GH on liver
2.
factors on anterior pituitary
and adipose tissue in vitro.
cells
Terry Wing
Wouldn't you expect a fast growing broiler to have
and expect it to be bound to receptor sites?
low plasma
levels
of GH
C.G. Scanes
I would suggest that one reason why fast growing, broiler chickens do not have
elevated levels of GH in their plasma is due to increased sensitivity of the
tissues to GH.
It is possible that this is due to increases in the number or
affinity of GH receptors.
3.
G. Havenstein
If I recall correctly, you stated that animals with an elevated growth rate
have elevated levels of Somatomedin C. Have you compared the Somatotropin
C levels in the Athens - Canadian Randombred Broiler Strain with the levels
in some of our modern broiler strains to see if this relationship
holds true?
Dr. C.G.
Scanes
We have not examined
4.
this interesting
question
at this
time.
Dr. Ira Carte
Could you please
elaborate
on growth hormone
receptors?
C.G. Scanes
While GH receptors have been examined in many mammalian
published reports as yet on GH receptors in poultry.
69
species,
there
are no