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Minerals Chapter 4 section 1 A mineral is… Naturally occurring- not man made Inorganic- not from living things Solid- particles don’t move freely Crystal structure- flat sides (faces) that meet at sharp edges and corners Definite chemical composition Identifying Minerals Each mineral has its own specific properties: Physical Properties: hardness, luster, color, cleavage and fracture, streak, crystal structure, density Chemical Properties: fluorescence, ability to burn, reaction to acid Hardness Moh’s hardness scale (1-10) A mineral can scratch another mineral that is softer, but will be scratched by an mineral that is harder. Fig. 5, p. 122 Color Few minerals can be identified by color alone. Ex: Quartz comes in many different colors. Streak Identifies the color of the mineral’s powder. The color of the mineral is often different from the color of the streak. Which do you think is a better identifiercolor or streak? Luster Describes how a mineral reflects light. Shiny, metallic, glassy, pearly, waxy, etc.. Crystal Structure The way the molecules fit together to make repeating patterns. Density D= mass per given volume Always remains the same Could feel like the same size, but their densities are different! Flashback- How can we find the density of an irregular shaped object? Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage- breaks along flat surfaces Fracture- breaks apart in an irregular way Chemical Properties Fluorescenceminerals that glow under ultraviolet light. More Chemical Properties Acid Reaction Solubility Combustibility Rocks Chapter 5 Rocks are made of a mixture of minerals Classify rocks by: Color Texture (size, shape, and pattern of its grains) Mineral composition (use same tests to identify minerals) 3 Types: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Igneous Rock Formed from magma or lava after it cools Intrusive Cooling is slow beneath Earth’s surface Large mineral crystals Extrusive Cooling is fast on Earth’s surface Small mineral crystals, glassy Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Formed from sediment created by weathering and erosion Sediment is then deposited, compacted, and cemented Types: Clastic- rock fragments squeezed together Organic- remains of plants/animals Chemical- chemical depositing of materials that were once dissolved in water Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic rock Formed from heat and pressure deep beneath the surface of the Earth. Visible layers formed when minerals within the rock are lined up Foliated- layered bands Non-foliated- no bands Melting of metamorphic rock creates magma Ex: marble, slate Metamorphic Limestone under heat and pressure creates marble Granite under heat and pressure creates gneiss The Rock Cycle Series of processes on and beneath the Earth’s surface that slowly change rocks from one kind to another. Driven by constructive and destructive forces (like plate tectonics) How? Page 168