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Hypothesis: An educated prediction Observation: Any use of one or more of the senses to gather information Scientific Method: The process scientists use to solve problems and answer questions Analyze: To examine data and show the relationship and meaning of that data Conclusion: A summary of the entire experiment Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms Crystal: A solid in which the atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patterns Magma: Hot melted rock material Silicates: Minerals that contain silicon, and oxygen, and usually one or more other elements Hardness: A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched Luster: The way a mineral reflects light Specific Gravity: The ratio of a minerals weight compared to the weight of an equal volume of water Streak: The color of a mineral when it is in a powder form Cleavage: Minerals that break along smooth, flat surfaces Fracture: Minerals that break with uneven, rough, or jagged surfaces Gems: Highly prized minerals because they are rare and beautiful Ore: A mineral or a rock that contains useful substances that can be mined at a profit Rock: A mixture of minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other natural materials Rock Cycle: The process that creates and changes rocks Igneous Rock: Hot magma that has cooled and hardened Lava: When magma reaches the Earth’s surface and/or flows from volcanoes Intrusive: Rocks that form from magma below the surface of the Earth Extrusive: Rocks that form from Magma above the surface of the Earth Basaltic: Dense, dark-colored rocks Granite: Light-colored rocks of lower density than basaltic rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Rocks that have changed because of changes in temperature and pressure or the presence of hot watery fluids Foliated: When mineral grains line up in parallel layers Nonfoliated: Mineral grains that grow and rearrange but don’t form layers Sediments: Loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of shell that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity Sedimentary Rock: Forms when sediments are pressed and cemented together, or when minerals form from solutions Compaction: The pressure of the sediment layers creating a solid rock Cementation: Minerals, such as quartz, calcite, and hematite are deposited between the pieces of sediment and act as a glue to keep the sediments together