Download Minerals and Rocks - Thomas C. Cario Middle School

Minerals
Chapter 4 section 1
A mineral is…
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Naturally occurring- not man made
Inorganic- not from living things
Solid- particles don’t move freely
Crystal structure- flat sides (faces) that
meet at sharp edges and corners
 Definite chemical composition
Identifying Minerals
 Each mineral has its own specific
properties:
Physical Properties: hardness, luster, color,
cleavage and fracture, streak, crystal
structure, density
Chemical Properties: fluorescence, ability to
burn, reaction to acid
Hardness
 Moh’s hardness
scale (1-10)
 A mineral can
scratch another
mineral that is softer,
but will be scratched
by an mineral that is
harder.
 Fig. 5, p. 122
Color
 Few minerals can be
identified by color
alone.
 Ex: Quartz comes in
many different
colors.
Streak
 Identifies the color of
the mineral’s powder.
 The color of the
mineral is often
different from the
color of the streak.
 Which do you think is
a better identifiercolor or streak?
Luster
 Describes how a
mineral reflects light.
 Shiny, metallic,
glassy, pearly, waxy,
etc..
Crystal Structure
 The way the
molecules fit
together to make
repeating patterns.
Density
 D= mass per given volume
 Always remains the same
 Could feel like the same size, but their
densities are different!
 Flashback- How can we find the density of an
irregular shaped object?
Cleavage and Fracture
 Cleavage- breaks along flat surfaces
Fracture- breaks apart in an irregular way
Chemical Properties
 Fluorescenceminerals that glow
under ultraviolet light.
More Chemical Properties
 Acid Reaction
 Solubility
 Combustibility
Rocks
Chapter 5
 Rocks are made of a mixture of minerals
Classify rocks by:
 Color
 Texture (size, shape, and pattern of its
grains)
 Mineral composition (use same tests to
identify minerals)
3 Types:
Igneous rock
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Igneous Rock
 Formed from magma or lava after it cools
 Intrusive
 Cooling is slow beneath Earth’s surface
 Large mineral crystals
 Extrusive
 Cooling is fast on Earth’s surface
 Small mineral crystals, glassy
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
 Formed from sediment created by weathering and
erosion
 Sediment is then deposited, compacted, and cemented
 Types:
 Clastic- rock fragments squeezed
together
 Organic- remains of plants/animals
 Chemical- chemical depositing of
materials that were once dissolved in
water
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic rock
 Formed from heat and pressure deep beneath
the surface of the Earth.
 Visible layers formed when minerals within the
rock are lined up
 Foliated- layered bands
 Non-foliated- no bands
 Melting of metamorphic rock creates magma
 Ex: marble, slate
Metamorphic
 Limestone under
heat and pressure
creates marble
 Granite under heat
and pressure creates
gneiss
The Rock Cycle
 Series of processes on and beneath the
Earth’s surface that slowly change rocks
from one kind to another.
 Driven by constructive and destructive
forces (like plate tectonics)
 How?
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