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Artificial Intelligence 1 Running head: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial Intelligence as an Emerging Technology Melody Murphy The University of Alabama Artificial Intelligence 2 Abstract Artificial intelligence is a growing trend to business, industry, and education. It studies the design of intelligent agents. The agents include a system which is an engineered machine. Artificial intelligence has been around for fifty years. However, scientists and engineers research daily ways to improve technological systems for our businesses and our educational system. This paper will explore some examples of artificial intelligence and how the future looks for artificial intelligence. Introduction According to the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (2008), artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as “the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. John McCarthy, one of the founders of the field of AI defined it as the science and engineering of making intelligent computer programs (p.1). Many robots are made to look and act like humans. According to Rodney Brooks (2002), humans have been interested for thousands of years in making robots that are in the human form. In the early 1970s, Hirokazu Kato oversaw the building of Wabot-1. Wabot-1 is a robot that could walk a few steps and pick up simple objects with its two hands and carry out some speech interaction. However, Wabot-1 is still a mechanism. Wabot-2 was built in 1984. Wabot-2 could not stand but sat at a piano bench and would play an organ. In the early 1990’s humanoid robots were being developed in Japan, Germany, and the U.S (p. 33-34). Rodney Brooks (2002) discusses the first humanoid robot, called Cog, which was created to act as a person does. Cog has facial expressions and eye movements just as a human does Artificial Intelligence 3 (p.35). In order to study more social interaction based on how humans react to each other another robot was created. Its name was Kismet. Kismet was created in the 1990s. Kismet and Cog was used for research on social interaction. Cog and Kismet’s vision is based on the social interaction. Of course, their eyes are different from human eyes. However, they use their eyes for perception and control systems. Rodney Brooks (2002) explains that Cog and Kismet are able to detect human faces and can estimate the gaze of a person’s direction. Their gaze is what helps them with their social interaction. They understand what a person is paying attention to by their gaze (p.36). In other words, Cog and Kismet recognizes social interactions based on the eye gazes. As humans, we watch each others eye movements to recognize what a person is feeling or thinking. However, Cog and Kismet cannot move their eyes that quickly so they have to recognize a gaze or stare. According to Brooks (2002), there are lawn mowing robots and home floor cleaning robots in addition to Toyota’s robot and Honda’s robot Asimo. Honda’s robot Asimo is the only robot in America that can go up and down stairs. Asimo is an acronym for advanced step in innovative mobility. According to Honda, Asimo is controlled by a laptop computer or a wireless networked system. Asimo can comprehend and carry out tasks off of voice commands. These commands must be preprogrammed into its onboard memory. Asimo can maps its environment using its camera eyes and registers stationary obstacles. Asimo is able to store data in an onboard map of its environment, then its recall the data while walking which enables it to avoid obstacles. In addition, Asimo is able to recognize moving pedestrians in its walking path and stop for a moment until the people have cleared the robot’s path. Asimo’s intelligence lies in technology, not in the ability to think or reason things out like humans. Asimo is powered by a 51.8v lithium ion battery in which he can operate for approximately 1 hour on a Artificial Intelligence 4 single battery. The battery can be recharged onboard ASIMO through a power connection for three hours. Artificial Intelligence in Education Artificial intelligence is not at prominent in the educational setting/classroom as it is in the technology or business world. There is research being conducted daily on how different types of artificial intelligence can help with students in school. There are discussions from testing to tutorials. However, not near as much progress is being made in education as with the technology realm. Hopefully, in the future more progress will be made with more research. Rama Ramaswami (2009) mentions how artificial intelligence has not made much headway in education. In one area that it would be the most beneficial is in assessment. For example, a standardized test is graded consistently and has no room for individual student abilities. However, critics insist that despite the government’s resistance that one-size-fit all learning will be gone soon. Software makers are not waiting around they are making enhancements to the AI technology. One program that is gaining recognition is Lexia Learning Systems. Lexia’s AIbased reading programs have been around for years. Its latest version of Lexia Reading was released in September 2007. Lexia’s “intelligent” content includes that if a student doesn’t understand something then the software recognizes the area of weakness and gives the student additional practice before moving on. The program generates reports for the teachers and administrators about the student’s skill level and areas in which he or she needs more instruction. Artificial intelligence has capabilities in education in helping students in other areas besides just assessment. Artificial intelligence technology is now capable of tutoring students in the fundamental understanding of concepts. The Assessment and Learning in Knowledge Spaces (ALEKS) was designed to ask students personalized assessment questions; the response to each Artificial Intelligence 5 new question is based on the responses to all the prior questions. After using ALEKS there was a seventeen percent mastery increase in criterion referenced tests. The US Department of Education awarded $2.8 million grant to WestEd, a nonprofit research and development agency to evaluate the impact of Quntum’s chemistry tutoring software on student learning. After using the Quauntum software along with their classroom studies, the students understand concepts quicker and improve quicker than students who learn the same curriculum without the technology (p. 42-45). Our Future As we know technology is changing on a daily basis. There are some many things that artificial intelligence has to offer to the world of technology. We don’t really know what the future will hold in technology, business, or education. According to Edwards (2008), it is predicted that by the end of the late 2020s that an artificial brain will be developed. By this being developed scientists and researchers are hoping that this artificial brain will make it possible to escape death (p. 21). I have to wonder is this good? I definitely think it is good on the thought of people not dying and nobody ever having to say goodbye to their loved ones. However, is dying not part of living? I almost wonder when technology is being taken too far. Edwards says, “we could upload our consciousness into the machine and remain conscious just as long as the computer receives power and maintenance” (p.21). However, my question is would it remain conscious? We all know how technology has failed us before and what if the computer does not receive power and maintenance? What if the power goes out? There are many questions to be asked about whether or not the artificial brain is possible, only time will tell. Artificial Intelligence 6 According to Riva, Gaggioli, and Mantovani (2008), even if the most complex robot now available cannot learn and move in the same ways as humans, two decades of research in artificial intelligence and cognitive systems introduced the concept of embodiment: the mind has to be understood in the context of its relationship to a physical body that interacts with the world (p. 631). What make robots advanced are their abilities that are so much like humans. They are able to walk, kick, and lift just like humans. Also, another thing about robots in dangerous plant jobs it is better for the robot to complete the tasks rather than a real person. Changes for the future will depend on many things. However, the main focus is research. Riva, Gaggioli, and Mantovani (2008) said, “that there is research toward a cognitive robot”. However, the road is long and a lot of research will have to be conducted (p.631). Closing There are many new types of artificial intelligence being developed in our country and around the world. Most of the artificial intelligence is being seen in the business world and industry. Education is not reaping as many benefits from artificial intelligence except through testing and tutoring. However, I feel strongly that in our future that we will see changes in the education field. There are many things to be developed whether good or bad that is something I am unsure about. For example, the artificial brain, I am unsure how good of an idea it really is for us. There are many robots and they look very mechanical and some of them look like the girl next door. They have very real features and even have voice commands to sound humanized. According to Brooks (2002), “the weight of progress in so many forms of robots for unstructured environments leads to the conclusion that robots will be common in people’s lives by the middle of the century if not significantly earlier” (p.38). There are so many questions today already about people being worried about losing their jobs to a robot. The concerns heighten for the Artificial Intelligence 7 future about what things will be replaced with robots. Also, will the robots take human form or not to replace the things they will be replacing. Artificial Intelligence 8 References Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (2008). Artificial Intelligence Overview. Retrieved on April 22,2009 from http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/AIOverview Brooks, R. (2002). Humanoid robots. Communications of the ACM, 45(3), 33-38. Edwards, C. (2008). It thinks…..therefore…. Engineering and Technology. 20-23. Honda (2009). ASIMO. Retrieved from on April 22, 2009 from www.honda.com Ramaswami, R. (2009). Is the future now for A.I.? The Journal 36.2, 42-47. Riva, G., Gaggioli, A., and Mantovani, F. (2008). Are robots present? From motor simulation to “being there”. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 11(6) 631-636.