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The Renaissance The formation of new ideas and new art. What was the Renaissance? • Renaissance French for rebirth; Rebirth of interest in art and learning • Renewed interest in ancient Greece and Rome • Why? Horrible years of the Black Death, people saw ancient Rome and Greece as better times 5/6/2017 1350-1550 2 Why Italy? • Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? – Center of the Roman Empire (rebirth of Roman ideas/art), and Roman ruins and art located here – Italian cities very wealthy, able to pay artists – Italy made up of city-states, competition among these motivated creation of art 5/6/2017 1350-1550 3 Why did Florence become the most influential? • • • • Maintained large trade economy Provided insurance to sea travelers Banks grew here Medici family rose to power here (more on this later) 5/6/2017 1350-1550 4 Rise of City-States • During Middle Ages, no ruler able to unite Italy into one kingdom • Roman Catholic Church fought to prevent central leader, due to fears of losing power • Each city-state equal to others; each with own army/ships • Very wealthy; loaned money to kings of Europe, so kings left Italian city-states alone 5/6/2017 1350-1550 5 Rise of the Renaissance • Crusaders came into contact with Asia and Africa. They returned with luxury items (silk, spices, ivory) • Italy, due to central location and past glory, center of trade in Europe. Italian citystates grow wealthy and powerful • Demand for luxury items creates need for coined money. 5/6/2017 1350-1550 6 Rise of the Renaissance • Banks develop, bankers exchange coins from one region to another. Called “banchi,” Italian for “money changers.” • Nobles, spent a lot of money on wars, banks provided loans. As nobles got into debt, city merchants (bankers) became rich and powerful • Money over church began to shape politics. Status related to wealth, not birthright 5/6/2017 1350-1550 7 Rise of the Renaissance • The Medici family became the most important, influential, and wealthy family of Florence, Italy. • Florence was one of the most influential cities of the Renaissance. • Medici family encouraged the development of the arts in Florence. • Rise of Patronage: The act of providing money and support to artists, by wealthy merchants 5/6/2017 1350-1550 8 The House of Medici • Giovanni de Medici (1360-1429): Rose from poverty to become wealthy from banking and commerce. The first great Medici. • Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464): Son of Giovanni, became first Medici to win wide fame. Gave large amounts of money to promote the arts. • Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492): Grandson of Cosimo. Made Florence the most powerful and beautiful city in Italy. Supported artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. 5/6/2017 1350-1550 9 Secular ideas/Humanism • Society still very religious, but people began to celebrate human achievement • Secular: Interest in the world, things of earth, over religion and heaven • Humanism: System of thought that focuses on human values, abilities, and worth, over the soul and religion; a person’s place in the world 5/6/2017 1350-1550 10 Renaissance Humanism • Humanism – based on Greek & Roman teachings. – Humanists believed that individual and human society were important. – Religion was still important, but so was the ability to ask questions. • Ancient texts were studied again. – In the Middle Ages Greek & Roman literature were forgotten, but the Arabs continued to study. The Crusaders met the Arabs and exchanged knowledge. Humanism • Francesco Petrarch (1300’s) – Poet who studied Roman writers. – Encouraged people to search for old Latin texts. • Humanists also studied architecture & art. – Duh, they were in Italy, there were leftovers from the Romans. Literature • Vernacular • Dante Alighieri (1300’s) – wrote The Divine Comedy in vernacular. – Grew up in Florence and was active in politics. – Wrote about a man’s journey from inferno through purgatory and into heaven. • Geoffrey Chaucer – wrote The Canterbury Tales in English. – About a group of travelers and the stories they tell to entertain themselves. – Helps explain English society levels. The Spread of Ideas • In the Middle Ages, everything had to be written by hand. • Johannes Gutenberg – invented the printing press in 1450. – Chinese had movable type, but was not as easy to use. – Allowed mass publication of works, which allowed ideas to be spread farther & quicker. Italian Renaissance Artists • Medieval art was flat, 2D, and had no emotion. • Renaissance artists used new techniques and ideas. – Emotion – Perspective – depth – Chiaroscuro – light & shadow – Fresco – paint on wet plaster – Sculpture – show the true form of people Leonardo da Vinci • Born in Venice (1452-1519) • Artist: Mona Lisa, Last Supper • Scientist: dissected corpses to learn anatomy. • Inventor: Had notebooks full of ideas, including artillery, subway, and a plan for what looks like a helicopter. • Renaissance Man Michelangelo Buonarroti • Painter & sculptor • Wanted to show the perfect image of people • Sculpture: David • Painting: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling at the Vatican. Raphael Sanzio • Painted images of grace and beauty. • School of Athens The Renaissance Spreads • Northern Renaissance – Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Netherlands. • Flanders, Belgium – oil paintings • Jan van Eyck: The Arnolfini Marriage • Albrecht Durer – known for engravings like Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. William Shakespeare • English Renaissance was later and focused on literature rather than art. • Shakespeare wrote plays for the popular theater. • Wrote for Queen Elizabeth I • Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Julius Caesar, Henry V, etc.