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Name: ____________________________ Ecology Notes Part 2 Inter-relationships/Biomes 10. Habitat: area where organism lives, includes biotic & ______________ factors. 11. Niche: physical & _________________ conditions in which organism lives and the way it uses those conditions. Includes: place in ___________ ___________, physical conditions needed, how & when it ___________. 12. Competition: when organisms try to use same __________________________ 13. Competition Exclusion Principle: no two ____________________ can occupy the same ______________ in the same ______________________ at the same time. 14. Predation: one organism ________________________ and _____________ on another. 15. Symbiosis: two ___________________ live closely together. a. Mutualism: both species ______________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________ b. Commensalism: one ______________________, other not helped or _______________. Example: ____________________________________________________________ c. Parasitism: parasite lives in or on __________________ and causes _________________. Example: ____________________________________________________________ 16. Ecological succession: change in ________________________ over time a. Primary Succession: no ______________ or _____________, first in = ___________________ species Example: _________________ which break down rock to make ______________ Climax Community = ______________________ community (no succession) b. Secondary Succession: after a ____________________________, ecosystem returns to original state. Examples of causes are: ____________________________________________ 17. Impact of Climate on Ecosystems a. Weather: day to day condition of __________________________, for one place, one time b. Climate: __________________conditions of _______________ and __________________ for a region, determined by ____________________________ (angle of heating of the sun) 1) Polar Zones - Arctic and Antarctic 2) Temperate Zones – New Jersey 3) Tropical Zones – around the equator 18. Biomes: Complex community in a large area with certain _______________, ______________ and life 19. Terrestrial Biomes: are on land and cover ____________ % of Earth’s surface Examples: Desert, Temperate Forest, Rainforest, Tundra, Taiga, Grassland The _____________________________________ has the most diverse biome with the largest number of different species of plants and animals. 20. Aquatic Biomes: a. Freshwater Biomes: _______% of Earth’s surface b. Marine Biomes: ___________% of Earth’s surface, salt water Example: Coral Reefs, a marine biome with high __________________ of life forms. 21. Populations: groups of organisms of the same ____________________ that live in same area -______________________ ( geographic distribution) -______________________ (number of individuals per unit of area) -_________________ rate a. Population size affected by -birth rate and death rate -Immigration rate: movement of individuals ___________ an area -Emigration rate: movement of individuals ___________ of an area b. Patterns of Population Growth Exponential: _________________ conditions with ____________________ resources - Reproduction occurs at __________________ rate Logistic Growth: slows or __________________ after period of exponential growth due to ___________________ resources ZPG: _________________________________________________________ Carrying Capacity: ____________________ number of individuals environment can support _________________________________________ _______________________________________ Label the graphs above either exponential or logistic growth. On the logistical growth graph above, the carrying capacity is: __________________ Limiting factors: Biotic: competition, _____________________, parasitism, _______________________ Abiotic: ______________________, disasters, seasonal cycles, _____________ activities 22. Effects of Humans on the Biosphere a. Tragedy of the Commons: Any resource that is free and accessible to everyone may eventually be _____________________________. Because no one is responsible for ________________________ them and no one _______________________ from preserving them. b. Renewable resource: can __________________ (living) or be ____________________(nonliving) Examples: _________________, plants, _______________, sun c. Nonrenewable resource: can’t be replenished by ______________________ processes Example: __________________________________________ d. Negative effects of humans on the environment: 1) soil ___________________: loss of topsoil by water or wind, can lead to _______________ 2) Deforestation: chopping down of ____________________ 3) Overfishing 4) Air Pollution/Smog Example: Acid Rain: Nitrogen and Sulfur from burning _________________________ combines with water vapor in atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric _____________. 5) Biological Magnification: concentration of harmful toxins _______________ in organisms at __________________ trophic levels in a food chain. 6) Ozone Depletion: Ozone = ________________, absorbs harmful _______ radiation CFC’s: found in ____________ sprays, ________________ in refrigerators, AC, can damage ozone and create a ____________________ in the ozone layer 7) Global Warming: increase in average temp. of _________________________ Concentration of ________________ in atmosphere has been rising due to burning of _____________ _______________ and cutting of _____________________ Natural _______________________ effect is intensified by buildup of _______________ like CO2 and methane. Traps _________________ like the glass in a greenhouse. Possible Effect of Global Warming: Rise of _______________ levels and flooding, extreme weather, loss of habitats/biodiversity. 23. Biodiversity: diverse ecosystems are more ______________________ Threats to biodiversity: 1) altering ________________________ 2) _______________________ to extinction 3) Introduction of ___________________ compounds into food webs 4) Introduction of ___________________ species 24. Extinction: when ___________________ disappear from all or part of its _________________ 25. Invasive species: Introduced to a new habitat artificially, _____________________ rapidly, no parasites or ___________________________ Examples: Nutria and Kudzu vines 26. Biogeochemical Cycles –Matter Recycling Matter is recycled in the biosphere. Very little new matter is added to the Earth. 1) Water Cycle 2) Carbon Cycle (____________________ cycle) carbon into atmosphere from ______________________, burning _____________ _____________ carbon pulled from atmosphere by ____________________________ Carbon stored underground by _____________________________ of dead organisms 3) Nitrogen cycle (___________________ cycle) Nitogen needed to make ___________________ (amino acids) Nitrogen gas makes up ________ of atmosphere Nitrogen fixation, decomposition and denitrification: all done by ________________________ 4) Phoshorus Cycle (___________________________ cycle) Phosphorus needed for _______, ________, phospholipids in _______ _______________, bones Plants pull ___________________ phosphate from soil/__________, combine into organic cmpds.