Download Name: Ecology Notes Part 2 Inter-relationships/Biomes 10. Habitat

Name: ____________________________
Ecology Notes Part 2
Inter-relationships/Biomes
10. Habitat: area where organism lives, includes biotic & ______________ factors.
11. Niche: physical & _________________ conditions in which organism lives and the way it uses those
conditions.
Includes: place in ___________ ___________, physical conditions needed, how & when it ___________.
12. Competition: when organisms try to use same __________________________
13. Competition Exclusion Principle: no two ____________________ can occupy the same
______________ in the same ______________________ at the same time.
14. Predation: one organism ________________________ and _____________ on another.
15. Symbiosis: two ___________________ live closely together.
a. Mutualism: both species ______________________________
Example: ____________________________________________________________
b. Commensalism: one ______________________, other not helped or _______________.
Example: ____________________________________________________________
c. Parasitism: parasite lives in or on __________________ and causes _________________.
Example: ____________________________________________________________
16. Ecological succession: change in ________________________ over time
a. Primary Succession: no ______________ or _____________,
first in = ___________________ species
Example: _________________ which break down rock to make ______________
Climax Community = ______________________ community (no succession)
b. Secondary Succession: after a ____________________________, ecosystem returns to original
state. Examples of causes are: ____________________________________________
17. Impact of Climate on Ecosystems
a. Weather: day to day condition of __________________________, for one place, one time
b. Climate: __________________conditions of _______________ and __________________ for a
region, determined by ____________________________ (angle of heating of the sun)
1) Polar Zones - Arctic and Antarctic
2) Temperate Zones – New Jersey
3) Tropical Zones – around the equator
18. Biomes: Complex community in a large area with certain _______________, ______________ and life
19. Terrestrial Biomes: are on land and cover ____________ % of Earth’s surface
Examples: Desert, Temperate Forest, Rainforest, Tundra, Taiga, Grassland
The _____________________________________ has the most diverse biome with the largest
number of different species of plants and animals.
20. Aquatic Biomes:
a. Freshwater Biomes: _______% of Earth’s surface
b. Marine Biomes: ___________% of Earth’s surface, salt water
Example: Coral Reefs, a marine biome with high __________________ of life forms.
21. Populations: groups of organisms of the same ____________________ that live in same area
-______________________ ( geographic distribution)
-______________________ (number of individuals per unit of area)
-_________________ rate
a. Population size affected by
-birth rate and death rate
-Immigration rate: movement of individuals ___________ an area
-Emigration rate: movement of individuals ___________ of an area
b. Patterns of Population Growth
Exponential: _________________ conditions with ____________________ resources
- Reproduction occurs at __________________ rate
Logistic Growth: slows or __________________ after period of exponential growth due to
___________________ resources
ZPG: _________________________________________________________
Carrying Capacity: ____________________ number of individuals environment can support
_________________________________________
_______________________________________
Label the graphs above either exponential or logistic growth.
On the logistical growth graph above, the carrying capacity is: __________________
Limiting factors:
Biotic: competition, _____________________, parasitism, _______________________
Abiotic: ______________________, disasters, seasonal cycles, _____________ activities
22. Effects of Humans on the Biosphere
a. Tragedy of the Commons: Any resource that is free and accessible to everyone may eventually be
_____________________________. Because no one is responsible for ________________________
them and no one _______________________ from preserving them.
b. Renewable resource: can __________________ (living) or be ____________________(nonliving)
Examples: _________________, plants, _______________, sun
c. Nonrenewable resource: can’t be replenished by ______________________ processes
Example: __________________________________________
d. Negative effects of humans on the environment:
1) soil ___________________: loss of topsoil by water or wind, can lead to _______________
2) Deforestation: chopping down of ____________________
3) Overfishing
4) Air Pollution/Smog
Example: Acid Rain: Nitrogen and Sulfur from burning _________________________
combines with water vapor in atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric _____________.
5) Biological Magnification: concentration of harmful toxins _______________ in
organisms at __________________ trophic levels in a food chain.
6) Ozone Depletion: Ozone = ________________, absorbs harmful _______ radiation
CFC’s: found in ____________ sprays, ________________ in refrigerators, AC, can
damage ozone and create a ____________________ in the ozone layer
7) Global Warming: increase in average temp. of _________________________
Concentration of ________________ in atmosphere has been rising due to burning of
_____________ _______________ and cutting of _____________________
Natural _______________________ effect is intensified by buildup of _______________
like CO2 and methane. Traps _________________ like the glass in a greenhouse.
Possible Effect of Global Warming: Rise of _______________ levels and flooding,
extreme weather, loss of habitats/biodiversity.
23. Biodiversity: diverse ecosystems are more ______________________
Threats to biodiversity:
1) altering ________________________
2) _______________________ to extinction
3) Introduction of ___________________ compounds into food webs
4) Introduction of ___________________ species
24. Extinction: when ___________________ disappear from all or part of its _________________
25. Invasive species: Introduced to a new habitat artificially, _____________________ rapidly, no parasites
or ___________________________ Examples: Nutria and Kudzu vines
26. Biogeochemical Cycles –Matter Recycling
Matter is recycled in the biosphere. Very little new matter is added to the Earth.
1) Water Cycle
2) Carbon Cycle (____________________ cycle)
carbon into atmosphere from ______________________, burning _____________ _____________
carbon pulled from atmosphere by ____________________________
Carbon stored underground by _____________________________ of dead organisms
3) Nitrogen cycle (___________________ cycle)
Nitogen needed to make ___________________ (amino acids)
Nitrogen gas makes up ________ of atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation, decomposition and denitrification: all done by ________________________
4) Phoshorus Cycle (___________________________ cycle)
Phosphorus needed for _______, ________, phospholipids in _______ _______________, bones
Plants pull ___________________ phosphate from soil/__________, combine into organic cmpds.