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Name________________________________________________ Date___________________ Block___ Ecology Study Guide Part 1: Levels of Organization Terms to Know: Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Diversity/Biodiversity, Niche, Abiotic, Biotic Largest Smallest The biosphere is ______________________________________________________________. Biomes are large regions of the Earth characterized by their __________________________. An ecosystem is made up of all the ________________ and __________________ things in an area. Examples of biotic factors: plants, animals, bacteria Examples of abiotic factors: water, wind, rocks, soil In an ecosystem, each organism has a _____________, or a job. Its job consists of where it lives (_________________), what conditions it can live in, what it eats, and what eats it. Organisms that share the same niche in the same habitat will _______________________for resources. A community is a two or more _________________ living in the same area. Example: Fish, algae, and algae eaters living in a fish tank A population consists of many of the same ___________________. Example: A pride of lions, or a flock of birds An organism is a single _______________thing. Example: A human being, a cockroach, or a puppy Biodiversity is essential to the survival of an ecosystem. An ecosystem has a lot of biodiversity if it has (many or different) types or species of organisms. (circle one) Challenge Question: Which biome has the most biodiversity and why? Part 1(continued): Symbiosis Terms to Know: Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Competition, Predation, Parasitism Symbiosis- two species living together Mutualism- a relationship in which _____________________________________________ Example: Commensalism- a relationship in which ___________________________________________ Example: Competition- a relationship in which ______________________________________________ Example: Predation- a relationship in which _________________________________________________ Example: Parasitism- a relationship in which ________________________________________________ Example: For the table below, fill in the box with a + if the species benefits and a – if the species is harmed. Leave it blank if the species is not affected. Symbiotic relationship Organism 1 Organism 2 Mutualism Parasitism Competition Commensalism Predation Part 2: Energy Flow Producer (Autotroph)- ___________________________________________________ Consumer (Heterotroph)- _________________________________________________ Herbivore- _______________________________________________________________ Omnivore- _______________________________________________________________ Carnivore- ________________________________________________________________ Food chain: grass insect bird snake hawk **Arrows show the direction of ______________ flow ** Food web: A collection of interconnected food chains **Organisms can occupy multiple ______________________ at the same time** Draw a small food web with 5 animals. Label their nutrition type (herbivore, omnivore, carnivore) and their trophic level (producer, primary consumer, etc.) Energy Pyramid: shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem in trophic levels Least Energy As we go up the pyramid, energy is lost due to life processes (Examples: making own food, or running around trying to find and eat food) **This energy is mostly released as ______________** Most Energy **The first organism in a food chain, food web, or energy pyramid will always be some type of ___________ also known as an _______________** In an energy pyramid, the lowest level (producer) has the ____________energy and the larger number of organisms. The highest level (usually a tertiary consumer) has the ______________ energy and the smallest number of organisms. Challenge Question: Why don’t the grasshoppers get all the energy from the grass that the grass got from the sun? Answer: This is because most of the _________ is lost as _______. Only ______% goes to the grasshopper. Part 3: Abiotic Cycles (Biogeochemical Cycles) Terms to Know: water cycle (evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, run-off), carbon cycle (photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fossil fuels), nitrogen cycle (nitrogen fixation, ammonification, denitrification) Water Cycle Evaporation-water turns from a liquid to a gas (what happens if you leave a glass of water out?) Transpiration- “sweating” of plants; water turns from liquid to gas and returns to the atmosphere Condensation- water droplets condense or come together to form larger droplets; this is how clouds are formed Precipitation- water droplets get heavy and fall from the atmosphere (ex: rain, snow, sleet) Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation- bacteria or lightning “fix” nitrogen from an unusable form (in the atmosphere) to a useable form (in the soil) Denitrification- bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis- plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make their own food Cellular Respiration- the process in which consumers release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere after making ATP Fossil fuels- burning fossil fuels (from cars) release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere **Consumers get carbon from the organisms they _______** Part 4: Biomes Terms to Know: tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, desert, tropical rainforest, aquatic biome, climate (temperature & precipitation), vegetation The land biomes are also called terrestrial biomes, because they are on land. Question1: Besides plants and animals, what other factor distinguishes one biome from another? Answer:___________________________________________________. Question 2: What are two ways humans have impacted these biomes? Answer:____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________. Succession- how a community of plants “grows up” Terms to Know: succession, primary succession, secondary succession, pioneer community, pioneer species, climax community Begins With…. A result of…. Primary Succession Secondary Succession Pioneer communities are made up of pioneer species like lichens, mosses, and grasses. Succession Pioneer species start soil formation for succession to take place. Climax Community Pioneer Community Climax communities are made up of larger plants like trees. Challenge Question: Why are pioneer species essential to succession, especially in primary succession? Carrying capacity: _________________________________________________________. Extinction: a species is no longer _______________. 1. A new species of mouse is introduced into an environment. These mice reproduce and the population grows. As the population grows, food resources diminish and predation by hawks increases. Eventually, the number of mice in the environment levels off so that the rate of birth equals the rate of death. What is this nearly constant number of organisms called? A. Carrying capacity B. Exponential growth C. Linear growth D. Competitive edge 2. The first stage of succession in a forest was probably the development of __________. A. Lichens B. Shrubs C. Trees D. Flowers 3. Which of the following biome has the least amount of biodiversity? A. Taiga B. Desert C. Tundra D. Rain forest