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Transcript
The biosphere is the layer around the Earth containing all living organisms. The other spheres are: ◦ Lithosphere ◦ Hydrosphere ◦ Atmosphere A biogeochemical cycle is a set of processes by which an element passes from one environment to the next and eventually returns to its original environment, in an infinite loop of recycling There are two cycles we will be dealing with ◦ Carbon cycle ◦ Nitrogen cycle This biogeochemical cycle involves the exchange of carbon on Earth There are 9 parts to the carbon cycle They are not steps which follow (1-9), but rather a list of the different processes which take place 1- Photosynthesis : Plants using solar energy to capture and convert atmospheric carbon (CO2) into glucose (C6H12O6) 2- Ingestion : Animals eat plants or other animals 3- Respiration : As living organisms breathe, they exhale the carbon ingested back into the atmosphere 4- Decomposition of waste : Waste of animals not released during respiration (urine, feces, dead organisms, etc.) are decomposed by organisms which emit CO2 and methane CH4 5- Forest fires – Combustion of tree trunks and leaves are converted into CO2 6- Shells and skeletons : Part of the carbon dissolved in the water reacts with calcium to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which is part of shells and skeletons 7- Carbonate rock : The calcium carbonate from the skeletons and shells accumulates at the bottom of the ocean floor which forms carbonate rock. 8- Volcanic eruptions : When the carbonate rock meets the magma, it melts and releases some of the CO2 back into the atmosphere 9- Fossil fuels : When dead organisms fall to the ocean floors, the carbon in them remains buried in the sediment. This carbon can be turned into fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) A biogeochemical cycle involving all the exchanges of Nitrogen on Earth There are 5 parts to the Nitrogen cycle 1- Nitrogen Fixation : Certain bacteria take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to ammonium (NH4+) 2- Nitrification : Bacteria oxidize ammonium to form nitrites 3- Nitrogen absorption : Plants absorb the ammonium and the nitrites. Herbivores only source of nitrogen 4- Decomposition of waste : Bacteria and fungi break down nitrogen containing substances. They produce ammonia which then forms ammonium 5- Denitrification : Bacteria converts nitrates into molecular nitrogen which returns to the atmosphere. A biome is a large region of the world with distinctive climates, wildlife and vegetation Flora = Plants Fauna = Animals Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes Latitude Salinity Altitude Turbidity (water clarity) Temperature Temperature Precipitation Direction and strength of the current Soil type Presence of oxygen O2 and carbon dioxide CO2 for respiration and photosynthesis Solar energy Solar energy Winds Nutrients (type, amount, etc.) Proximity to bodies of water Water depth Terrestrial biomes are described mainly by temperature and precipitation. These factors determine the plant species which can live there The plants determine the animal species which can live there. There are 7 terrestrial biomes on the Earth 1234567- Tropical forests Boreal forests Temperate forests Grasslands and shrublands Arctic tundra Deserts Alpine The tropical forests are along either side of the equator between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn The mean annual temperatures vary between 20°C and 34°C The tropical forests have both seasonal forests and evergreen forests Located in the Northern Hemisphere. Forms a belt below the arctic. Long cold winters. Long days in Summer. Conifers, forest floor carpeted with moss and lichen Located in southern Canada, the UnitedStates, Europe and part of Asia Mean annual temperatures of 8°C to 10°C. High precipitation throughout the year. Northern regions of Quebec, mixture of conifers and deciduous varieties. Farther south, primarily deciduous trees. Many are located in central North America In the temperate grasslands: Hot summers and long cold winters. In the savannas: Hot all year long Grasses and shrubs. Three types: Temperate grasslands, savannas, derived grasslands Located to the north of the boreal tundra. Forms a ring around the North Pole Long, cold winters. Very short summers. Permanently frozen ground. Grasses, stunted bushes, moss, lichen At all latitudes Low precipitations (less than 25cm per year) Extreme temperatures Rare plant life Any high-altitude area in the world Temperature varies according to altitude (about 0.6˚C per 100m) Vegetation zones: Submontane, montane, subalpine, alpine and nival. Aquatic biomes cover a large area of the surface of the Earth. (Approximately 75% of the Earth) Freshwater biomes cover about 2.5% of the aquatic biomes and marine biomes cover the remaining 97.5% Freshwater has a salinity of less than 0.05% Saltwater has a salinity greater than 3% There are 3 freshwater biomes and 3 marine biomes Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands for freshwater Estuaries, Oceans and seas, and Coral reefs for Marine Bodies of water surrounded by land and fed by springs, rivers or precipitation The organisms living there are microorganisms, plants, plankton, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds. Streams and rivers that form permanently or seasonal drainage channels for surface drainage. Moss, grass, fish, etc. live in rivers and streams Includes marshes, swamps and peat bogs. They are areas permanently or temporary covered with water. Life there includes plants which grow well in water-saturated soil Broadening at the mouths of rivers acting as a mixed zone between the maritime and river environments. Examples of organisms living there are belugas, oysters and sponges Bodies of water that are subdivided according to the depth of the water Phytoplankton, crustaceans, fish, jellyfish, mollusks, birds and mammals all live there. Environments characterized by the presence of calcium carbonate produced by coral Between 500,000 and two million plant and animals species live there. What is a population? Density Distribution Biological Cycles A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in a shared space at a specific point in time. The population size refers to the number of individuals in a population What can affect the size of a population? Raise the population Decrease the population Birth Death Immigration Emigration Counting individuals ◦ When possible, scientists will count every individual of a population. ◦ This is not possible in a very large population, or in a very large area. Counting by sample area ◦ By counting a small sample of a territory, scientists can extrapolate from there to estimate the total population Mark and Recapture ◦ Scientists capture a number of individuals and mark them. ◦ Scientists return and recapture individuals again. ◦ By counting how many of the individuals were recaptured, the total population can be estimated. ◦ Number of marked animals recaptured = ◦ Total number of animals captured 2nd time Number of marked animals Population size The number of individuals in a given space ◦ Ex: 64927 people in 125 km2 Ans: 519.416 people/km2 How would you find the density of the population of Canada? ◦ Population: 34,734,000 (2012 est.) ◦ Surface Area: 9,984,670 km2 Density = 3.47/ km2 1.Monaco 2.Singapore 3.Vatican City 4.Maldives 5.Malta 6.Bangladesh 7.Bahrain 8.Taiwan 9.Barbados 10.Mauritius 15,293/km2 6,843/km2 1,884/km2 1,328/km2 1,287/km2 1,199/km2 971/km2 714/km2 664/km2 637/km2 228th Density 2 ~3.5/km Size Size 17,075,400 km2 (1st) 9,984,670 km2 (2nd) Population Population 143,030,106 (8th) 34,754,000 (35th) Density Density 8.3 (271st) 3.5 (228th) Russia Canada Alternating rise and fall of population sizes ◦ They are of fixed duration and are repeated continually Biotic factor (living) ◦ Related to the actions of living organisms Abiotic (non-living) ◦ Physical or chemical aspects of the environment. Birth rate Disease Amount of food Predation Competition Human Activity Biotic Amount of light Soil or water pH Terrain Depth of snow Temperature Air Humidity Abiotic Conditions can favour the predators or the prey which will affect the other ◦ An increase in predators will cause a decrease in the prey population If conditions go against the predators, they wont be able to hunt and die off ◦ This will cause a massive increase in the prey population A set of populations of different species sharing the same habitat Community Community of living organisms interacting with one another and with nonliving components of the environment they inhabit Ecosystem What is Biodiversity? ◦ The relative abundance of the species in a community What can affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem? ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism Interaction between living organisms that seek the same resource in their habitat. Can be between individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or between individuals of different species (interspecific) Both animals and plants can be competing for a limit number of resources. If two predators are both competing for the same prey, the more successful predator will win out. Two animals both trying to use the same site for a habitat will also compete. Plants will compete for light and water in a forest or jungle. The plant that can get the most light or water will be the winner. The interaction between two living organisms where one feeds on the other. The most obvious form of predation is one animal eating another animal. Another form is an animal eating a plant. A specialised form of predator is a parasite which lives directly on or inside it’s prey and slowly feeds off of it. Interaction where both species benefit from the relationship. One example of this is the clown fish and the sea anemone. The anemone feeds by poisoning fish with it’s tentacles and feeding off of them. The clown fish has a mucus on it’s skin which blocks the poison. The clown fish acts as bait for the anemone’s prey and also uses the anemone as a home. Another common example is a flowering plant and a pollinator. Without the flower, the pollinators would not have food to eat Without the pollinators, the plants would have a much harder time to reproduce. Interaction where one organism benefits and the second one is not affected Seagulls and humans. They eat our garbage. They benefit and it doesn’t affect us at all. Also, birds who build their nests in trees. The birds get shelter and safety, the tress are unaffected. Type of interaction Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism Effect on population A Effect on population B Type of interaction Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism Effect on population A Effect on population B - - + - + + + 0 What is an ecosystem? ◦ A community of living organisms interacting with one another with the nonliving components of the environment they inhabit An ecosystem can be anything from an aquarium to a lake or a forest In an ecosystem there are 3 trophic levels. ◦ Producer, consumer and decomposer These are organisms which can transform inorganic matter into organic matter. Inorganic matter is something not produced by a living organism ◦ Ex. Water, mineral salts Organic matter is used in the composition of living organisms and is usually created by them. ◦ Ex. Protein, lipids, carbohydrates These are typically organisms such as plants, algae and certain bacteria They are said to be autotrophs ◦ Means they can feed themselves. They can feed themselves by photosynthesis and by absorbing nutrients from the soil. Heterotrophic organisms that feed on other living organisms. ◦ Heterotrophic means they need others to feed. Primary consumers feed directly on producers Second, third or fourth consumers eat consumers which are below them. This is all part of the food chain. What type of consumer would a herbivore be? ◦ First What type of consumer would a carnivore be? ◦ Second or higher What type of consumer would an omnivore be? ◦ Any level ◦ An omnivore is an organism which eats plants and animals. Organisms that feed on the waste and remains of other living organisms. This trophic class consists of certain worms, some bacteria, all fungi and certain insects. They can also be prey to consumers. They break down the organic matter into inorganic matter so that it can be used all over again. Law of Conservation of Mass Nothing is created, only transformed Inorganic material becomes organic then becomes inorganic again Nature is one big recycler... Energy is produced from inorganic sources by producers Energy is then transferred to consumers by eating the producers The waste and decaying bodies of the living are decomposed by the decomposers and converted back to inorganic matter Biomass is all of the living matter in a given Ecosystem This will be different for each ecosystem Primary Productivity is the amount of new Biomass being produced by the producers of a given ecosystem The Primary Productivity can be influenced by four abiotic factors 1- Light ◦ Necessary for photosynthesis 2- Water ◦ Also necessary for photosynthesis 3- Essential Nutrients ◦ These include Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorous and Potassium 4- Temperature ◦ Temperature can have an influence on production A Disturbance is an event that damages an ecosystem. It can lead to the elimination of organisms and alter the availability of resources Disturbances can be of different types. They can be something like snowstorms, sandstorms, hurricanes or volcanic eruptions Some are more frequent, like seasonal flooding, and some are less frequent, like a flood caused by torrential rains. Disturbances can also be more or less serious in nature. A small ice storm which lasts only a few hours will cause much less damage than one that lasts a few days. That was the case in the ice storm of 1998 in Quebec Disturbances can either be natural or human in origin. They are events triggered by environmental phenomena rather than humans, but damage ecosystems nonetheless. Every single ecosystem can be effected by a natural disturbance no matter how remote they may be. Volcanic eruptions Forest fires Drought Floods Periods of frost Heat waves They are events that are triggered due to human activity. Many human activities damage ecosystems They can be small scale, such as littering, or large scale like oil spills or deforestation After an ecological disturbance, an ecosystem will undergo a series of gradual changes, sometimes spread over hundreds of years The ecosystem will try to obtain a state of balance Ecological succession is the series of changes that occur in an ecosystem after a disturbance and that continue until the balance of the ecosystem is restored