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Hypothalamic –
Pituitary Unit
11
HYPOTHALAMUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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Introduction to communication, “story lines”, “reflex
arc” models, neuroendocrinology, hierarchies,
integration, endopathologies.
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Hypothalamic - pituitary axis, neurohypophyseal neuronal
pathway, posterior pituitary function. Neurovascular
hypothesis, hypothalamic and hypophysiotropic
neurohormones to the anterior pituitary, experiments.
Harris and portal vessels, Halaz and Hypothalamic
Hypophysiotropic Area, neuroendocrine transducer cells
and AP function. Assessing in vivo and in vitro
hypophysiotropic hormone release.
•
Neuroendocrine control, hierarchies, integrators. Inputs to
neuroendocrine transducer cells and their effects on AP
hormones. ME as a neuroendocrine integration site, other
neuroendocrine integration sites.
•
Neurohormones (GnRH, TRH, GHRH, SS, CRH, DA).
Hypothalamic –
Pituitary Unit
ANT, POST, AND INTERMEDIARY PITUITARY, & PINEAL
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Introduction to hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal function.
•
Posterior pituitary hormones (OT, AVP) and their secretion,
function and regulation. Countercurrent mechanism and the
effect of AVP on collecting ducts. Mechanism of action and
control of AVP secretion: osmotic stimulation,
baroregulation, additional cellular actions. AVP pathologies:
hypothalamic / nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI), SIADH,
gene mutation in familial DI.
•
Anterior pituitary melanotropic hormones (ßEND, MSH) and
their secretion, function and regulation. MSH effects on
pigmentation and food intake, species variability, regulation,
rhytms, receptors, mechanism of action. ßEND central and
peripheral effects, action mechanism.
•
Pineal hormones (melatonin) and their secretion, function and
regulation. Melatonin: biosynthesis, N-acetyl transferase
activity and rhytms, light - dark cycle, physiological
functions, sleep, behavioral rhythmicity, reproduction,
thermoregulation.
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Hypothalamic Pituitary Unit
Hypothalamus – Ant. Pituitary
Hypophysiotropic neurohormones’ main effect is to
control anterior pituitary hormone secretion
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Hypothalamus – Ant. Pituitary
CS
E2
P4
receptor
Cortisol.
receptor
LHRH
N TC
gonadal
hierarchy
S
CS
E
AP
CS
T3
receptor
CRH
adrenal
hierarchy
AP
TRH
thyroid
hierarchy
AP
gonad
adrenal
thyroid
E2 / P4
cortisol
T3 / T4
Hypothalamus – Ant. Pituitary
The median eminence an hypothalamic integration center
Hypophysiotropic neurohormones’ main effect is to
control anterior pituitary hormone secretion
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Hypothalamus – Ant. Pituitary
•
anatomy, embryology, and
hierarchies (gonadal, thyroid, GH,
adrenal, Prl, intermedin).
GnRH: structure, gene expression,
receptor, secretion, action, Kallman
syndrome, clinical use.
TRH: structure, receptor, secreting
GnRH
cells, regulation, actions, clinical use.
GHRH: structure, receptor, secretion,
patophysiology, clinical use.
SRIF: structure, receptor, secretion,
analogs.
CRH: structure, receptors, regulation,LH / FSH
secretion and patophysiology,
clinical use.
DA: synthesis and DA neurons,
regulation of Prl, receptors,
hyperprolactinemia and D2R
P4, T, E2
agonists.
gases as neural messengers
(neurohormones).
Hypophysiotropic neurohormones
•
•
•
•
•
•
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TRH
GRH
SS
CRH
DA
VIP
MSH - RF
5HT
TSH
GH
ACTH
Prl
MSH
T3, T4
IGFs
cortisol
Hypophysiotropic neurohormones’ main effect is to
control anterior pituitary hormone secretion
Hypothalamus – Ant. Pituitary
POMC, MSH, ßEND, ACTH, INTERMEDIARY PITUITARY
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Hypothalamus – Ant. Pituitary
Melanocortin receptors
MC-1, pigmentation
MC-2, adrenal function
MC-3, cardiovascular
MC-4, energy homeostasis
MC-5, exocrine secretion
Alpha MSH on different subtypes of the MC recepto
Hypothalamus – Post. Pituitary
AVP main effect is antidiuresis but the “driving force”
is the kidney medullary countercurrent mechanism
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Hypothalamus – Post. Pituitary
AVP main effect is antidiuresis but the “driving force”
is the kidney medullary countercurrent mechanism
Hypothalamic Pituitary Unit
Page 6
Hypothalamic Pituitary Unit
structure
a)
b)
Which, increase
or decrease?
function
How do
you know?
c)
Parts to total?
d)
Two feedbacks and
an absolute
requirement?
Next week question
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